Experiences of a Forest Owners’ Cooperative in using FSC forest certification as an environmental strategy     

Ikuo Ota 《Small-Scale Forestry》2006,5(1):111-125

Yusuhara Forest Owners’ Cooperative (YFOC) in Kochi Prefecture in Japan received its forest management certification from the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in 2000. YFOC is recognised as the resource manager of its members’ forests, and they were the first organisation to gain such certification in Japan. With the continuous efforts of selling FSC certified wood in the domestic housing construction market, YFOC has substantially increased their timber sales in recent years. It is a noteworthy event in Japanese small-scale forestry, which has been struggling with declining economic performance for many years. This paper analyses the detail of forestry activities and changes which occurred in YFOC after certification by FSC. An interesting effect of increasing economic performance is found to have come from an unexpected direction. It is concluded that the FSC certification system is a possible tool to revitalise Japanese small-scale forestry as well as obtain favourable environmental outcomes.  相似文献   

Anatomical variations in wood among four native species of Leguminosae grown in arid areas of China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yang Shu-min Jiang Ze-hui Ren Hai-qing Ikuo Furukawa 《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(1):39-44

Morphological features and anatomical variations are described and illustrated in detail for four native species of Legumi-nosae grown in arid sandy regions in China, which are Hedysarum scoparium Fisch.et Mey., Caragana korshiskii Kom., Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. and Ammopiptanthus mongolicus (Maxim. ex Kom.) Cheng f. All species showed similar morphological features: distinct growth ring boundaries, ring to semi-ring-porosity, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, nonseptate fibers, para...  相似文献   

Ecological Wood Adaptation and Horizontal Variations of Vessel Element and Fibre Length of Calligonum mongolicum     

FURUKAWA Ikuo 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2006,5(2):22-27

INTRODUCTION The larger genus in Polygonaceae is Calligonum, which includes about 100 species of shrubs that grow in central Asia. It is well suited to arid climates with drought resistance, and grows more on clay, sandy and gravel grounds. These plants are often cultivated as ornamentals and a stabilizer of mobile sand dunes. There was published information on the wood anatomy of all the examined genera in Polygonaceae (Ma 1994), but the selected species have not yet been described. Ad…  相似文献   

Policies Affecting Forestry Entrepreneurship   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anssi Niskanen  Anders Lunnan  Ikuo Ota  Keith Blatner  John Herbohn  Lyndall Bull  Ian Ferguson  Gordon M. Hickey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(3):233-255

Many demand and supply-side policies impede or foster forestry entrepreneurship. A study was conducted to consolidate existing knowledge on policies influencing forestry entrepreneurship in Finland, Norway, Japan, Australia, the Philippines and the USA, and to draw conclusions on these impeding and fostering factors. From the country studies it was difficult to find common structures on policies affecting forestry entrepreneurship. This is understandable because most policies in forestry are aimed at supporting sustainable forest management, wood production and ecological services of the forests rather than entrepreneurship as such. Despite the high variety of policies applied in the study countries, it can be concluded that strict public control on forests’ use and management potentially impedes forestry entrepreneurship. While these policies assist to correct market failure and to promote sustainability of forest management, they may also result into unnecessary and ineffective regulations that limit the opportunities for forestry entrepreneurship. A common feature promoting the demand for forestry entrepreneurship in some of the countries studied is the strong emphasis on forestry cooperatives, which were important institutions to support small-scale forestry entrepreneurship. In many study countries, different ad hoc programs are implemented to find new economic and entrepreneurial opportunities aside from the current use of wood and forests. Subsidies and tax incentives are commonly applied to reduce risks from making forestry investments or otherwise increase the economic return from timber production.  相似文献   

Generation of Monoclonal Autoantibodies from Babesia rodhaini-Infected Mice     

Shih-Pin CHIOU  Katsuya KITOH  Ikuo IGARASHI  Yasuhiro TAKASHIMA 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2014,76(9):1281-1284

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Quantitative determination of cyproconazole,as a wood preservative,by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis: matrix effect observed in determining cyproconazole and efficacy of adding analyte protectant     

Ikuo Momohara  Wakako Ohmura 《Journal of Wood Science》2014,60(1):80-85

Quantitative determination of cyproconazole by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was investigated. The results suggest that cyproconazole determination is significantly affected by wood extracts. In the presence of methanol extracts of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) heartwood, cyproconazole showed 50 % larger peak area than that without the extracts. This phenomenon whereby contaminants in the sample solution affect the intensity of the peak signal is known as the matrix effect. An investigation for eliminating the matrix effect revealed that adding sorbitol as an analyte protectant drastically increased the analyte peak intensity and successfully mitigated the matrix effect of the wood extracts. Adding hexaconazole as an internal standard was also useful in reducing the deviation of the data. The efficacy of a novel sample preparation method consisting of adding sorbitol and hexaconazole as analyte protectants and the internal standard, respectively, were applied to the GC/MS analysis of cyproconazole in the presence of wood extracts of the other nine species. It is revealed that cyproconazole can be precisely determined by GC/MS analysis in combination with the analyte protectant and the internal standard.  相似文献   

Indica-japonica differentiation in Chinese rice landraces     

Wen-Bing Chen  Yo-Ichiro Sato  Ikuo Nakamura  Hirokazu Nakai 《Euphytica》1993,74(3):195-201

Summary Ninety Chinese rice landraces were examined with special reference to the indica-japonica differentiation in terms of traditional criteria, isozyme analysis and PCR analysis of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Cultivars were separated into indica and japonica defined by a discriminant function (Z) based on key characters, as well as by isozyme genotypes. Most indica landraces had chloroplast DNAs with a deletion at the Pst-12 fragment, while most japonica landraces had cpDNAs without the deletion. Two traditionally recognized varietal groups in China, keng and hsien, corresponded largely to the respective japonica and indica revealed in our study. The results obtained in this study showed good agreement for classification of indica and japonica types by the three methods: discriminant analysis by Z value, isozyme analysis, and PCR analysis for cpDNA.  相似文献   

Levels of active oxygen species are controlled by ascorbic acid and anthocyanin in Arabidopsis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nagata T  Todoriki S  Masumizu T  Suda I  Furuta S  Du Z  Kikuchi S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(10):2992-2999

Stabilization of the levels of active oxygen species (AOS) is important to the survival of organisms. To clarify the system controlling levels of AOS in plants, this study used an electron spin resonance (ESR) method to directly measure superoxide radical (O(2)(.-)) scavenging activities in the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (Col and Ler ecotypes), two anthocyanin mutants (tt3 and ttg1), and an ascorbic acid mutant (vtc1). Under ordinary growth conditions, Arabidopsis contained superoxide-scavenging activity (SOSA) of approximately 300-500 SOD units/g of fresh weight. The ESR pattern indicated that most (40-50%) of this activity was due to ascorbic acid. For the analysis of SOSA under conditions of oxidative stress, synthesis of AOS was induced by gamma-irradiation. The radical scavenging activity in irradiated plants increased approximately 10-fold following an associated increase in the accumulation of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin. The accumulation of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin was suppressed by treatment with an antioxidant before irradiation and was induced by treatment with a radical-generating reagent. The contributions of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin to the total superoxide radical scavenging activity differed among ecotypes. In the Ler ecotype, ascorbic acid accumulated at twice the level of that in the Col ecotype, and induction of anthocyanin was half that in Col. To confirm the activity of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin against AOS stress, the viability of the wild type and mutants (tt2, tt3,tt5, ttg1, and vtc1) was examined after gamma-irradiation. Only the plants in which ascorbic acid and anthocyanin were induced had the ability to grow and flower.  相似文献   

Solid state studies of the radiation history of lunar samples     

Crozaz G  Haack U  Hair M  Hoyt H  Kardos J  Maurette M  Miyajima M  Seitz M  Sun S  Walker R  Wittels M  Woolum D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,167(3918):563-566

Particle track densities up to > 3 x 10(9) per square centimeter have been measured in different samples. Rocks 17, 47, 57, and 58 have VH (Z >22) galactic cosmic ray ages of 11, 14, 28, and 13 x 10(6) years, respectively. Rock 57 has a calculated erosion rate of 10(-7) centimeter per year. Near-surface track versus depth data in rock 17 can be fit with solar flare particles that have a differential energy spectrum aE(-3); lunar samples can be used to study the history of solar activity. The uranium in the crystalline rocks occurs principally in small regions <10 to approximately 100 micrometers in size. The (low) thermoluminescence of the fines increases with depth in core 10004. With one possible exception, x-ray studies have not shown pronounced radiation damage effects. The total energy release upon heating is small up to 900 degrees C and occurs in three broad regions.  相似文献   

Dual origin of the cultivated rice based on molecular markers of newly collected annual and perennial strains of wild rice species, Oryza nivara and O. rufipogon     

Shinsuke Yamanaka  Ikuo Nakamura  Hirokazu Nakai  Yo-Ichiro Sato 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(5):529-538

The direct ancestor of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is believed to be AA genome wild relatives of rice in Asia. However, the AA genome wild relatives involve both annual and perennial forms. The distribution of the retrotransposon p-SINE1-r2, a short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) at the waxy locus was analyzed in diverse accessions of the AA genome wild relatives of rice (O. rufipogon sensu lato). Most annual wild rice accessions had this retrotransposon, while most perennial types lacked this element, contradicting results to the previous studies. Results presented here suggest that O. sativa has dual origin that lead to indica-japonica differentiation. Results suggest the indica line of rice varieties evolved from the annual genepool of AA genome and the japonica varieties from the perennial genepool of AA genome wild rice.  相似文献