Assessing the performance of the existing and proposed network of marine protected areas to conserve marine biodiversity in Chile     

Marcelo F. Tognelli  Miriam Fernández  Pablo A. Marquet 《Biological conservation》2009,142(12):3147-1050

The growing concern about the profound influence of human activities on marine ecosystems has been the driving force behind the creation of marine reserves in the last few decades. With almost 4200 km of coastline, Chile has not been the exception to this trend. A set of conservation priority sites has recently been proposed by the Chilean government to expand the current marine reserve network. In this study, we used the most comprehensive information currently available on the distribution of 2513 marine species in Chile to assess the efficiency of the existing system of marine protected areas (MPA) and the conservation priority sites identified by the government. Additionally, we evaluated the vulnerability of the reserve network selected with respect to threatening human activities. Our results show that both the existing protected areas and the proposed priority sites are relatively effective at protecting Chilean marine biodiversity. However, the majority of the species that are not represented within the existing or projected MPA network have very restricted distributions and are, therefore, of high conservation concern. To cover all species requires a network of 35 MPAs (46% of the total number of planning units). Many of the sites identified as irreplaceable present conflict with one or more human activities, particularly in the central region of the country. This study emphasizes the need for a systematic conservation planning approach to maximize the representation of species and prioritize those areas where conflicts between marine biodiversity conservation and human activities may occur.  相似文献   

Leaching of a Mixture of Hexazinone,Sulfometuron-Methyl,and Diuron Applied to Soils of Contrasting Textures     

Kassio Ferreira Mendes  Miriam Hiroko Inoue  Michael Ortigara Goulart  Rodrigo Floriano Pimpinato  Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2016,227(8):268

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Determination of benzoxazinone derivatives in plants by combining pressurized liquid extraction-solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry     

Villagrasa M  Guillamón M  Eljarrat E  Barceló D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(4):1001-1008

A new analytical method based on the use of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by solid-phase extraction with LiChrolut RP C18 cartridges was evaluated for the sample preparation, extraction, and cleanup of eight naturally occurring benzoxazinone derivatives, 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA), 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, benzoxazolin-2-one, and 6-methoxybenzoxazolin-2-one in plant samples. Afterward, liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry, using the selected ion monitoring mode and internal standard (2-MeO-DIBOA, indoxyl-beta-D-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) quantification method was performed. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the PLE method, in conjunction with sensitive and specific mass spectrometric detection, for the quantitative recovery of compounds of the benzoxazinone class from plants. The recoveries of the analytes ranged from 66 to 110% with coefficients of variation ranging from 1 to 14%. This method gave detection limits between 1 and 27 microg/g. The method was applied to foliage and roots of three different wheat cultivars, and the analytes were detected in the range of 11-3261 microg/g of dry weight.  相似文献   

Does mating disruption of Planococcus ficus and Lobesia botrana affect the diversity,abundance and composition of natural enemies in Israeli vineyards?          下载免费PDF全文

Idan Shapira  Tamar Keasar  Ally R Harari  Efrat Gavish‐Regev  Miriam Kishinevsky  Hadass Steinitz  Carmit Sofer‐Arad  Maor Tomer  Almog Avraham  Rakefet Sharon 《Pest management science》2018,74(8):1837-1844

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Biodegradable,flame retardant wood-plastic combination via in situ ring-opening polymerization of lactide monomers     

Shan He  Yichen Guo  Tehila Stone  Noah Davis  Dongwhan Kim  Taejin Kim  Miriam Rafailovich 《Journal of Wood Science》2017,63(2):154-160

A wood-plastic combination (WPC) was created via in situ polymerization of the l-lactide monomer (3S)-cis-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione. Commercial poplar boards (Liriodendron tulipifera) were impregnated with the flame retardant chemical resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate)(RDP). These samples were then soaked in a solution of the monomer and deionized water with sulfuric acid 5% wt/wood as a catalyst for polymerization. The wood and solution were placed in a vacuum oven for impregnation and polymerization of the monomers. The wood RDP combination was not flame retardant and had an Izod impact strength that was slightly smaller than neat wood sample. Addition of lactide monomer tripled the Izod impact strength relative to wood, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated that a polymerized coating had formed which reinforced the porous wood structure. Addition of all three components produced a synergy. The Izod impact strength of the material was nearly 14 times greater and the WPC was flame retardant surpassing the stringent UL-94-V0 requirement.  相似文献   

Epidermolysis bullosa in German black headed mutton sheep     

Kerkmann A  Ganter M  Frase R  Ostmeier M  Hewicker-Trautwein M  Distl O 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2010,123(9-10):413-421

In three flocks, 13 pure- and 1 crossbred German black headed mutton lambs were ascertained which had clinical signs of epidermolysis bullosa (EB). The three farmers reported of further 20 affected lambs with similar signs in their flocks in the past lambing seasons. The affected lambs were progeny of six rams and 17 ewes. Two rams and six ewes with affected offspring from two farms were used for a breeding trial. In the course of these experimental matings, 21 lambs were born, six of which were affected by EB. All lambs born in this trial underwent clinical and haematological examination and all the affected lambs had to be euthanised due to severe and progressing clinical symptoms. Clinical examinations in 20 affected lambs revealed shedding of claw horn, erosions and ulcers of skin and mucous membranes. Histopathology showed subepidermal splitting and blistering with intact basal keratinocytes. These findings together with the premature death of affected lambs within the first two months of life made a Herlitz type of junctional EB most likely. The results of the test matings demonstrated the genetic transmission and indicated an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for this lethal condition.  相似文献   

Physicochemical,Functional and Antioxidant Properties of Tropical Fruits Co-products     

Miriam Mabel Selani  Andreia Bianchini  Wajira S. Ratnayake  Rolando A. Flores  Adna Prado Massarioli  Severino Matias de Alencar  Solange Guidolin Canniatti Brazaca 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2016,71(2):137-144

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Cooking decreases observed perfluorinated compound concentrations in fish   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Del Gobbo L  Tittlemier S  Diamond M  Pepper K  Tague B  Yeudall F  Vanderlinden L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(16):7551-7559

Dietary intake is a major route of exposure to perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Although fish and seafood contribute significantly to total dietary exposure to these compounds, there is uncertainty with respect to the effect of cooking on PFC concentrations in these foods. Eighteen fish species purchased from markets in Toronto, Mississauga, and Ottawa, Canada were analyzed for perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSAs)-based fluorochemicals and perfluorinated acids (PFAs) in raw and cooked (baked, boiled, fried) samples. Of 17 analytes, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was detected most frequently; concentrations ranged from 0.21 to 1.68 ng/g ww in raw and cooked samples. PFOSAs were detected only in scallops at concentrations ranging from 0.20 ng/g ww to 0.76 ng/g ww. Total concentrations of PFAs in samples were 0.21 to 9.20 ng/g ww, respectively, consistent with previous studies. All cooking methods reduced PFA concentrations. Baking appeared to be the most effective cooking method; after baking samples for 15 min at 163 C (325 degrees F), PFAs were not detected in any of the samples. The margin of exposures (MOE) between the toxicological points of reference and the dietary intake of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) and PFOS in fish and seafood muscle tissue were greater than 4 orders of magnitude. This indicates that reducing consumption of fish muscle tissue is not warranted on the basis of PFC exposure concerns at the reported levels of contamination, even for high fish consuming populations.  相似文献   

Movements of neotropical understory passerines affected by anthropogenic forest edges in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest     

Miriam M. Hansbauer  Ilse Storch 《Biological conservation》2008,141(3):782-791

Edge effects are suggested to have great impact on the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes. We tested edge avoidance by forest understory passerines in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest and also compared their mobility and movement patterns in contiguous and fragmented landscapes to assess whether movements would increase in the fragmented landscape. Between 2003 and 2005, 96 Chiroxiphia caudata, 38 Pyriglena leucoptera and 27 Sclerurus scansor were radio-tracked. The most strictly forest species C. caudata and S. scansor avoided forest edges, while P. leucoptera showed affinities for the edge. Both sensitive species showed larger mean step length and maximal observed daily distance in the fragmented forest versus the unfragmented forest. P. leucoptera did not show any significant difference. There were no significant differences in proportional daily home range use for any of the three species. Our results suggested that fragmentation and the consequent increase in edge areas do influence movement behavior of sensitive forest understory birds that avoided the use of edges and increased the speed and distance they covered daily. For the most restricted forest species, it would be advisable to protect larger patches of forest instead of many small or medium fragments connected by narrow corridors. However, by comparing our data with that obtained earlier, we concluded that movement behavior of resident birds differs from that of dispersing birds and might not allow to infer functional connectivity or landscape-scale sensitivity to fragmentation; a fact that should be taken into consideration when suggesting conservation strategies.  相似文献   

Crystal and molecular structure of piceatannol; scavenging features of resveratrol and piceatannol on hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals and docking with transthyretin     

Rossi M  Caruso F  Opazo C  Salciccioli J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(22):10557-10566

The mechanism by which the naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds resveratrol (RES), C(14)H(12)O(3), and its metabolite piceatannol (PIC), C(14)H(12)O(4), scavenge free radicals is studied using experimental and density functional theory (DFT) methods. PIC's crystal structure shows a strong intermolecular hydrogen bond network, which, through a concerted motion of the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms, can produce a second hydrogen bond chain. This reorganization offers a low-energy pathway for the transfer of hydrogen atoms and is a contributing factor to PIC's biological activity. Additionally, DFT calculations describing the entire reaction mechanism of RES, PIC, and 3,3',4',5,5'-pentahydroxystilbene with hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals agree with experimental results, showing that increased hydroxylation aids in scavenging activity. PIC is more efficient than RES because (i) by sharing its 3'-OH hydrogen atom with its adjacent neighbor, O-4', the abstraction and transfer of the 4'-H atom to the free radical becomes easier and (ii) the resulting PIC semiquinone radical is more stable. As a result of the reaction with OH(*), both RES and PIC form water; with the peroxyl radical, both RES and PIC form hydrogen peroxide. Also, docking of PIC onto the protein transthyretin suggests better performance than RES and confirms its possible application in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease.  相似文献