Performance of complement fixation test and confirmatory immunoblot as two-cascade testing approach for serodiagnosis of glanders in an endemic region of South East Asia     

Khan I  Elschner MC  Melzer F  Gwida M  Wieler LH  Ali R  Saqib M  Neubauer H 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2012,125(3-4):117-121

Various serological tests were used for the diagnosis of glanders in the past but still complement fixation test (CFT) is the internationally prescribed test for trading equines. A new immunoblot (IB) technique has recently been introduced to overcome the well known shortcomings of CFT i. e. a considerable number of false positive and negative results and anticomplementary effects of sera. The objective of this study was the comparative evaluation of two glanders CFT antigens commercially available at Central Veterinary Institute ofWageningen UR, Lelystad, NL (CIDC) and at c.c.pro GmbH, Oberdorla, DE (c.c.pro) in a glanders endemic area regarding specificity and sensitivity. A total of 1678 serum samples from the endemic region (Province Punjab, Pakistan) and a non-endemic area (Germany) were analysed. All sera tested positive or suspicious with CFT were analysed by the confirmatory IB to exclude CFT false positive results. Both CFT antigens showed 100% sensitivity. The use of CIDC or c.c.pro antigen resulted in specificities of 77.45% or 75.71% for sera from endemic area and 93.75% or 94.79% for sera from non-endemic areas, respectively. The results demonstrate the different performances of identical tests in different epidemiologically settings. Based on these results, the combined use of CFT and IB is highly suggestive for the serodiagnosis of glanders. Good agreement was calculated between CFT (using either c.c.pro or CIDC antigen) and immunoblot.  相似文献   

Continued presentation of cases of Schmallenberg virus in sheep in England     

Steinbach F  Dastjerdi A  Drew T  Cook A  Davies I 《The Veterinary record》2012,170(21):547

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Effect of varying dietary energy levels during the last trimester of pregnancy on subsequent first lactation performance in Sahiwal heifers     

Fiaz M  Abdullah M  Nasir M  Javed K  Babar ME  Pasha TN  Jabbar MA 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(5):975-981

The aim of the study was to determine optimum dietary energy level during the last trimester of pregnancy for Sahiwal heifers in subtropical Pakistan. Sixteen Sahiwal heifers, 5–6 months pregnant, were assigned to four dietary treatments with four heifers on each treatment. Isonitrogenous (CP = 14.1%) diets having varying energy, namely, ME 88%, ME 100% (Control), ME 112% and ME 124% of NRC recommended level for pregnant heifers, were fed until calving. All were fed a similar diet after calving. Precalving weight gain was highest (P < 0.05) in heifers fed ME 112 and 124% (486 ± 13 and 497 ± 5 g/day, respectively) followed by ME 100% (444 ± 7 g/day), and the lowest weight gain was recorded for ME 88% (397 ± 8 g/day). A similar trend was observed for feed efficiency. Body condition score at calving in groups ME 124% and ME 112% was higher than ME 88% and ME 100%. Nutrient digestibility, birth weight of calves and milk composition except fat content were not influenced by energy levels. The highest daily milk yield was observed in heifers fed ME 100% followed by ME 112, 124, and 88%. We conclude that the NRC recommendation is applicable to the subtropical region.  相似文献   

Factors affecting yield and composition of camel milk kept under desert conditions of central Punjab, Pakistan     

Ahmad S  Yaqoob M  Bilal MQ  Khan MK  Muhammad G  Yang LG  Tariq M 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(7):1403-1410

This study was planned to study the herd composition, farming system, and reproductive traits and to evaluate the effect of season, stage of lactation and parity on milk production, and composition of camels kept under pastoral environment of central Punjab, Pakistan. Based on purposive sampling method, 50 herds belonging to small, medium, and large-sized herds were selected. From these herds, 1,137 she-camels were entered in this study and their composite milk samples were collected and analyzed through standard procedures to determine the milk yield and percentages of milk contents. The results showed that the male camels constituted a lesser percentage (p?相似文献   

Risk factors associated with prevalence and major bacterial causes of mastitis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) under different production systems     

Ahmad S  Yaqoob M  Bilal MQ  Muhammad G  Yang LG  Khan MK  Tariq M 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(1):107-112

A cross-sectional study was conducted in desert environment of Jhang (Pakistan) from November 2008 to October 2009 on she-camels kept under pastoralist conditions to determine the prevalence of mastitis, impact of risk factors, and isolate the dominant mastitis-causing bacteria on total of 150 lactating she-camels by using clinical examination and surf field mastitis test. From the 150 she-camels examined, 69 (46%) were positive for mastitis at animal level, 12 (8%) clinical, and 57 (38%) subclinical. Age, parity number, stage of lactation, breed, production system, hygiene of milking process, and presence of lesion on udder/teat were found significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the prevalence of mastitis in she-camels. There was the lowest prevalence (33.33%; 15 of 45) of mastitis in she-camels of 5–7 years of age, while the highest (80%; 12 of 15) in the animals aged between 14 to 16 years. Stage of lactation significantly affected (p < 0.05) and was found to be associated with the prevalence of mastitis being the highest (54.55%; 18 of 33) during the initial stage of lactation (0 to 1 month) followed by last 2 months (10–12 months) as 54.17% and mid-stages (1–3 and 3–10 months) of lactation as 28.57% (6 of 21) and 37.50% (9 of 24), respectively. According to breed of camels, it was noted that the prevalence of mastitis affected significantly (p < 0.05) being the highest in crossbred (Desi × Mareecha) as 51.39% (37 of 72) followed in order by Mareecha and Desi as 43.14% and 37.04%, respectively. Staphylococcus (42.19%) and Streptococcus (15.63%) genera were the dominant isolates identified. Good hygiene in milking process, milking clinically infected she-camels at last, culling chronic mastitis carriers, treating clinically infected she-camels, and dry period therapy could reduce the prevalence of contagious mastitis in the study area.  相似文献   

Molecular marker assisted for recognition drought tolerant in some of bread wheat genotypes     

Abdelaleim Ismail ElSayed  Muhammad Suhail Rafudeen 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2012,15(1):17-23

To develop crop plants with enhanced tolerance of drought stress, a basic understanding of physiological, biochemical, and genetic networks is essential. Four bread wheat genotypes and one wheat line were evaluated for molecular indicators of drought tolerance using RAPD-PCR and protein profiling. The RAPD markers were used to determine the genetic differences between the five wheat genotypes and to determine the molecular markers associated with tolerance to drought. The present study found that RAPD analysis is a valuable diagnostic tool when different sets of RAPD primers were used to study the polymorphism at the molecular level. A total of 72 alleles were amplified with six random primers out of which 61% were monomorphic and 38% were polymorphic. Primer B8 amplified a 600 bp band in Sham-6 which is assumed to be a drought-tolerant genotype, while primer A-8 amplified a 550 bp band in genotypes Giza-168 and Sham-6. Genetically, the most similar genotypes were Sham-6 and Line-7 (93%) followed by Gemaza-9 and Giza-168 (92%) while the most dissimilar genotype was Sakha-93 (86%). Protein profiling revealed differences between the genotypes with a protein band presents at 130 KDa in the Sham-6, Gemaza-9, and Sakha-93 genotypes and absent in Line-7 and Giza-168. Proline content was highest in the drought-tolerant genotypes, Sham-6 and Sakha-93. Sucrose content in shoots was increased in tolerant plants (Sakha-93 and Sham-6), while there was a reduction in sucrose in the shoot tissues of the seedling stage of Gemaza-9, Line-7, and Giza-168. Overall, the accumulation of reducing sugars was lowest in all plants compared with sucrose content.  相似文献   

Metabolic responses of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) to different levels of dietary carbohydrate     

Zhang  Yanpeng  Liang  Xu-fang  He  Shan  Wang  Jie  Li  Ling  Zhang  Zhen  Li  Jiao  Chen  Xu  Li  Lu  Alam  Muhammad Shoaib 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2021,47(5):1449-1465

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - There are great differences in metabolic responses to different levels of carbohydrate among different carnivorous fish species. To explore metabolic responses of...  相似文献   

Supra‐optimal growth temperature exacerbates adverse effects of low Zn supply in wheat     

Abdul Rehman  Muhammad Farooq  Muhammad Asif  Levent Ozturk 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(4):656-666

Rising temperatures are a major threat to global wheat production, particularly when accompanied by other abiotic stressors such as mineral nutrient deficiencies. This study aimed to quantify the effects of supra‐optimal temperature on growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidative responses in bread wheat cultivars grown under varied zinc (Zn) supply. Two bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L., cvs. Lasani‐2008 and Faisalabad‐2008) with varied responsiveness to Zn supply and drought tolerance were cultured in nutrient solution with low (0.1 µM) or adequate (1.0 µM) Zn under optimal (25/20°C day/night) or supra‐optimal (36/28°C day/night) temperature regimes. Supra‐optimal temperature severely reduced root but not shoot biomass, whereas low Zn reduced shoot as well as root biomass. Shoot‐to‐root biomass ratio was reduced under low Zn but increased under supra‐optimal temperature. Supra‐optimal temperature inhibited root elongation and volume particularly in plants supplied with low Zn. In both cultivars, Zn efficiency index was reduced by supra‐optimal temperature, whereas heat tolerance index was reduced by low Zn supply. Supra‐optimal temperature decreased photosynthesis, quantum yield, and chlorophyll density in low‐Zn but not in adequate‐Zn plants. In comparison, low Zn decreased specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and increased glutathione reductase (GR), where supra‐optimal temperature increased SOD, decreased GR and did not change APX activity in leaves and roots. Moreover, supra‐optimal temperature severely reduced shoot Zn concentration and Zn uptake per plant specifically under adequate Zn supply. Overall, supra‐optimal temperature exacerbated adverse effects of low Zn supply, resulting in severe reductions in growth traits viz. shoot and root biomass, root length and volume, and consequently impeded Zn uptake, enhanced oxidative stress and impaired photosynthetic performance. Adequate Zn nutrition is crucial to prevent yield loss in wheat cultivated under supra‐optimal temperatures.  相似文献   

Influence of biochar amendment and foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles on growth,photosynthesis, and cadmium accumulation in rice biomass     

Rizwan  Muhammad  Noureen  Shamaila  Ali  Shafaqat  Anwar  Sarwat  Rehman  Muhammad Zia ur  Qayyum  Muhammad Farooq  Hussain  Azhar 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(11):3749-3759

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The majority studies used the biochar or nanoparticles alone in metal-contaminated soils while less is known about the combined use of these amendments in...  相似文献   

Application of Optimum N Through Different Fertilizers Alleviate NH4+-N,NO3–N and Total Nitrogen Losses in the Surface Runoff and Leached Water and Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice Crop in Erhai Lake Basin,China     

Arif Husain  Muhammad Atif Muneer  Wu Fan  Yin Gao-Fei  Shen Shi-Zhou  Wang Feng 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2019,50(6):716-738

Non-point source pollution from the Agri-sector (especially nitrogen (N)) due to the application of conventional urea with heavy rates not only depleted the water quality of Erhai Lake but also declined the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of different crops grown in the Erhai Lake Basin, Dali, Yunnan, China. It is imperative to mitigate the total nitrogen and its forms (nitrate (NO₃^?)-N and ammonium (NH₄⁺)-N) loading to the surface and subsurface water flow through optimum fertilizer management for crop production in the region. To achieve this goal, a balanced crop nutrition system was practiced with different fertilizer types for rice-broad bean crop rotation system. The crop nutrition system consisted of No Fertilizers (CK), Conventional Fertilizer Practice (CF), Conventional urea as environmental Fertilizer (T₁), Refined Organic Fertilizer applied solely (T₂), Refined Organic Fertilizer applied with conventional urea (T₃), Refined Organic Fertilizer applied in T₂ was increased 4 times (T₄), Refined Organic Fertilizer applied in T₃ was increased 4 times but the same amount of conventional urea (T₅), and Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) application (T₆). The same rate of nitrogen (20% lower than CF) was applied in T₁, T₂, T₃, and T₆. All the former mentioned treatments were compared to CF with respect to different variables. In case of crop production, T₆ gave maximum rice grain yield (9.9 t ha^?1) and broad bean yield (5.1 t ha^?1). Treatments T₁ and T₅ were at par for rice grain yield (7.8 t ha^?1) and this quantity was not significantly lower than CF. Treatments T₆, T₅, and T₁ were observed 29%, 47%, and 46%, respectively lower in TN loading to the surface and percolating water than the CF. Conventional urea and refined organic fertilizer combined with conventional urea at reduced nitrogen rates can be a reliable option for crop production in the Erhai Lake Basin with optimum yield under the rice-broad bean crop rotation system. CRF at reduced nitrogen rate can be a better option for higher yield and lower NO₃^–N, NH₄⁺-N and total nitrogen losses to the surface runoff and leached water.  相似文献