Evaluating and implementing social–ecological systems: A comprehensive approach to sustainable fisheries          下载免费PDF全文

Robert L. Stephenson  Stacey Paul  Melanie Wiber  Eric Angel  Ashleen J. Benson  Anthony Charles  Omer Chouinard  Marc Clemens  Dan Edwards  Paul Foley  Lindsay Jennings  Owen Jones  Dan Lane  Jim McIsaac  Claire Mussells  Barbara Neis  Bethany Nordstrom  Courtenay Parlee  Evelyn Pinkerton  Mark Saunders  Kevin Squires  U. Rashid Sumaila 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(5):853-873

Fisheries sustainability is recognized to have four pillars: ecological, economic, social (including cultural) and institutional (or governance). Although international agreements, and legislation in many jurisdictions, call for implementation of all four pillars of sustainability, the social, economic and institutional aspects (i.e., the “human dimensions”) have not been comprehensively and collectively addressed to date. This study describes a framework for comprehensive fisheries evaluation developed by the Canadian Fisheries Research Network (CFRN) that articulates the full spectrum of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives required under international agreements, together with candidate performance indicators for sustainable fisheries. The CFRN framework is aimed at practical fisheries evaluation and management and has a relatively balanced distribution of elements across the four pillars of sustainability relative to 10 alternative management decision support tools and indicator scorecards, which are heavily focused on ecological and economic aspects. The CFRN framework has five immediate uses: (a) It can serve as a logic frame for defining management objectives; (b) it can be used to define alternate management options to achieve given objectives; (c) it can serve as a tool for comparing management scenarios/options in decision support frameworks; (d) it can be employed to create a report card for comprehensive fisheries management evaluation; and (e) it is a tool for practical implementation of an integrated social–ecological system approach.  相似文献   

Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism     

Spanu PD  Abbott JC  Amselem J  Burgis TA  Soanes DM  Stüber K  Ver Loren van Themaat E  Brown JK  Butcher SA  Gurr SJ  Lebrun MH  Ridout CJ  Schulze-Lefert P  Talbot NJ  Ahmadinejad N  Ametz C  Barton GR  Benjdia M  Bidzinski P  Bindschedler LV  Both M  Brewer MT  Cadle-Davidson L  Cadle-Davidson MM  Collemare J  Cramer R  Frenkel O  Godfrey D  Harriman J  Hoede C  King BC  Klages S  Kleemann J  Knoll D  Koti PS  Kreplak J  López-Ruiz FJ  Lu X  Maekawa T  Mahanil S  Micali C  Milgroom MG  Montana G  Noir S  O'Connell RJ  Oberhaensli S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6010):1543-1546

Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting that most effectors represent species-specific adaptations.  相似文献   

Nasca classification of hemivertebra in five dogs     

Besalti O  Ozak A  Pekcan Z  Eminaga S 《Irish veterinary journal》2005,58(12):688-690

: Five dogs, four small mixed breed and a Doberman Pinscher, presented in our clinic with hemivertebra. Complete physical, radiological and neurological examinations were done and the spinal deformities were characterized in accord with the Nasca classification used in human medicine. Two dogs had multiple hemivertebrae (round, oval or wedge-shaped: Type 3) in the thoracic region; one dog had an individual surplus half vertebral body (Type 1) plus a wedge-shaped hemivertebra (Type 2b) in the lumbar region; one dog had multiple hemivertebrae which were fused on one side (Type 4a) in the thoracic region; and one dog had a wedge-shaped hemivertebra (Type 2a) in the cervical region.  相似文献   

Isolation and transmission ofCowdria ruminantium (causal agent of heartwater disease) in Blue Nile Province,Sudan     

F. Jongejan  S. P. Morzaria  Omer A. Shariff  Hashim M. Aboalla 《Veterinary research communications》1984,8(1):141-145

Heartwater was diagnosed in sheep at the Umm Banein Livestock Research Station, Blue Nile Province, Sudan.Cowdria ruminantium was isolated from sheep by subinoculation of blood into a goat. AdultAmblyomma lepidum ticks fed as nymphs on this goat transmitted heartwater to a Friesian (Bos taurus) calf. Brain stabilates from this calf, either snapfrozen into liquid nitrogen or frozen slowly in a deepfreezer at –70°C, with DMSD as cryoprotectant, were infective to cattle when inoculated subcutaneously.  相似文献   

Interaction of dichlorvos-crotoxyphos insecticide with phenothiazine anthelmintic in sheep with or without Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus infections     

F K Mohammad  V E St Omer 《American journal of veterinary research》1983,44(10):1949-1953

The temporal interaction of an emulsifiable mixture of 2.3% dichlorvos and 10% crotoxyphos with phenothiazine anthelmintic was studied in 8 groups of 5 lambs each, free from or parasitized with Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus spp. Each lamb in 1 of 3 parasitized groups and 1 of 3 nonparasitized groups was treated with phenothiazine orally (12.5 g initially and 4 days later with 6.25 g every 3 days for 9 treatments) and/or the mixture of dichlorvos and crotoxyphos dermally (1,550 ml of 0.25% emulsion sprayed every 2 weeks for 3 applications). Two groups served as controls. Onset of clinical signs of toxicosis, lethality, and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (EACE) activity were monitored. After each dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture spray, clinical signs of toxicosis were seen within 40 minutes in parasitized and nonparasitized lambs regardless of concurrent phenothiazine treatment. Phenothiazine alone was not toxic and did not inhibit EACE activity. The EACE activities of dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture-sprayed lambs were significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed regardless of parasitism or concurrent phenothiazine treatments. The severity of inhibition increased with each dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture spray, but EACE activity recovered within 48 hours after each spray although base-line values were never attained. There was no apparent potentiation of the toxic effects of the dichlorvos-crotoxyphos mixture by phenothiazine.  相似文献   

Morphometric and histochemical study of involution in the rat uterus after parturition     

Ayat Omer ELKHALIL  Yuko MAEJIMA  Masato AOYAMA  Hideyuki TANAKA  Shoei SUGITA 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(4):313-323

Morphological changes to and collagen loss from the rat uterus during postpartum involution were investigated. The expression patterns of collagen type III and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also determined. Morphological changes were studied on days 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 22 and 25 postpartum. As a control, diestrus rats’ uterine were used. Specimens from the uterine horn were embedded in paraffin, cut into 8 µm coronal sections, and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin. The thickness of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers and of the endometrium were measured. The collagen content was determined using hydroxyproline analysis. Immunostaining was used to examine the expression of collagen type III on days 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 postpartum; and MPO on days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 22 postpartum. The thickness of the smooth muscle layers was found to decrease rapidly postpartum: the circular smooth muscle layer returned to that of a non‐pregnant, control uterus by day 5 postpartum and the longitudinal smooth muscle layer by day 15 postpartum. Eosinophilic cells were observed in the endometrial stroma adjacent to the myometrium on days 10, 15 and 20 postpartum, and were confirmed as collagenous cells. Immunostaining identified collagen type III positive cells in the vessel‐rich layer adjacent to the placental site on days 1, 3, 5 and 10 postpartum, and these cells were confirmed to be phagocytic. Postpartum reduction in the weight of the uterus was accompanied by decreases in both the collagen content and the thickness of the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers. Furthermore, the phagocytic cells were shown to express MPO during postpartum involution of the uterus.  相似文献   

Implementing a multi-colour genetic marker analysis technique for embryology education     

Imadeldin Yahya  Elhady A. M. Omer  Morris Gellisch  Beate Brand-Saberi  Gabriela Morosan-Puopolo 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2023,52(1):85-92

Embryology belongs to the basic sciences and is usually an integral part of the anatomy. The subject is traditionally taught by visual inspection of embryonic tissue slides stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) to expose the dynamics of tissue histology as development proceeds. While combining in situ hybridization for gene expression analysis and immunostaining for protein expression analysis is an established technique for embryology research, the implementation of this tool in embryology teaching has not been described. The present study was conducted to assess the use of an online multi-colour gene expression analysis technique, alongside histological sections and diagrams, to improve students' understanding of embryology. The participants of this study were bachelor's students of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Khartoum. The method was also evaluated by distributing questionnaire items to Veterinary students via Google forms; subsequently, their responses were analysed qualitatively. The majority of students stated that the new technique was beneficial for their learning of embryology. The multi-colour images proved a more effective means for learning embryology than the traditional H&E image. Results from the students strengthen the belief in applying the multi-colour technique for better embryology course learning.  相似文献   

A biological solution to a fundamental distributed computing problem     

Afek Y  Alon N  Barad O  Hornstein E  Barkai N  Bar-Joseph Z 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6014):183-185

Computational and biological systems are often distributed so that processors (cells) jointly solve a task, without any of them receiving all inputs or observing all outputs. Maximal independent set (MIS) selection is a fundamental distributed computing procedure that seeks to elect a set of local leaders in a network. A variant of this problem is solved during the development of the fly's nervous system, when sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells are chosen. By studying SOP selection, we derived a fast algorithm for MIS selection that combines two attractive features. First, processors do not need to know their degree; second, it has an optimal message complexity while only using one-bit messages. Our findings suggest that simple and efficient algorithms can be developed on the basis of biologically derived insights.  相似文献   

Characterization of local immune response against lungworms in naturally infected sheep     

M. Yavuz Gulbahar  William C. Davis  Murat Yarim  Tolga Guvenc  Sinasi Umur  Yonca B. Kabak  M. Onder Karayigit  Y. Emre Beyhan 《Veterinary parasitology》2009,160(3-4):272-278

This study describes the immunohistochemical and histochemical phenotypes of inflammatory cells in sheep lungs infected with lungworms. A total of 20 naturally infected sheep lungs were used. Protostrongylus spp., Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis, and Cystocaulus ocreatus were the chief organisms determined from such lesions, which were of a chronic nature. All the lungs had many developmental stages of the parasites and a similar inflammatory response, which included numerous mast cells, eosinophils, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In the bronchial and interstitial tissues, the inflammatory cells were dominated by MHCII, CD1, CD4, CD5, CD14, CD21, IgM, and CD172a positive cells, whereas CD2 and WC1 positive cells were detected less. The data provided additional evidence that subsets of inflammatory cells were included within ovine lungs infected with lungworms; however, understanding the entire immune-response process and development of resistance to lungworms in sheep remain to be clearly elucidated.  相似文献