No signs of thermal acclimation of heterotrophic respiration from peat soils exposed to different water levels     

Sara Vicca  Lise Fivez  Fred Kockelbergh  Dimitri Van Pelt  Jan J.R. Segers  Patrick Meire  Reinhart Ceulemans  Ivan A. Janssens 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(9):2014-2016

In a mesocosm experiment, with bare peat soils exposed to different water levels (WL), we examined whether heterotrophic respiration (R_h) acclimated to a 3 ^°C temperature increase. Across all WLs, R_h at 15 ^°C was never lower in the heated treatment than in the unheated treatment, indicating that R_h did not acclimate to the warmer conditions. We hypothesize that this lack of thermal acclimation is due to the unlimited substrate availability in these organic soils. These results imply that peat soils may exhibit a sustained positive feedback to global warming.  相似文献   

Litter contribution to diurnal and annual soil respiration in a tropical montane cloud forest     

Michael Zimmermann  Patrick Meir  Yadvinder Malhi 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1338-158

Respiration of CO₂ from soils (R_s) is a major component of the carbon cycle of ecosystems, but understanding is still poor of both the relative contributions of different respiratory sources to R_s, and the environmental factors that drive diurnal variations in R_s. We measured total and litter-free R_s at half-hourly intervals over full 24 h periods, and thereafter twice a month for 10 months in a tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) in Peru. Total R_s declined by about 61% during the night as a result of variations in respiration rate in the litter, which were partly correlated with the soil surface air temperature. Most of the diurnal variation of R_s in this TMCF appears to be driven by respiration in the litter layer, which contributed 37% to the total soil CO₂ efflux. Total R_s rates at this particular site would have been overestimated by 60% if derived from daytime measurements that had not been corrected for diurnal variations in R_s.  相似文献   

Assessing the Sensitivity of Quantitative Structural Activity Analysis Models for Evaluating New Military Compounds     

Jay Clausen  Randall Cramer  Stephen Clough  Michael Gray  Patrick Gwinn 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2009,202(1-4):141-147

Quantitative structural activity relationship (QSAR) models are receiving wide use because of new regulations and public scrutiny regarding new compounds entered into commerce. Accordingly, the US Department of Defense (DoD) supported this study to evaluate QSAR modeling for energetic compounds. Four compounds proposed to replace ammonium perchlorate were examined: ammonium di(nitramido)amine (ADNA); 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC); 1,3,3,5,7,7-hexanitro-1,5-diazacyclooctane (HCO); and diammonium di(nitramido)dinitroethylene (ADNDNE). Currently used compounds were evaluated as analogues for those under development. Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) was the analogue for ADNA; hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) for DNNC; octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) for HCO; and 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7) for ADNDNE. QSAR analysis was performed with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite?. The comparison of model estimates to literature values ranged from good-to-poor. Results suggested the proposed replacement compounds have low aquatic toxicities and little potential to bioaccummulate, but the uncertainty in the predictions indicates QSAR modeling with EPI Suite? is only useful for qualitative assessments of these proposed energetic compounds.  相似文献   

Single-molecule lysozyme dynamics monitored by an electronic circuit     

Choi Y  Moody IS  Sims PC  Hunt SR  Corso BL  Perez I  Weiss GA  Collins PG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6066):319-324

Tethering a single lysozyme molecule to a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor produced a stable, high-bandwidth transducer for protein motion. Electronic monitoring during 10-minute periods extended well beyond the limitations of fluorescence techniques to uncover dynamic disorder within a single molecule and establish lysozyme as a processive enzyme. On average, 100 chemical bonds are processively hydrolyzed, at 15-hertz rates, before lysozyme returns to its nonproductive, 330-hertz hinge motion. Statistical analysis differentiated single-step hinge closure from enzyme opening, which requires two steps. Seven independent time scales governing lysozyme's activity were observed. The pH dependence of lysozyme activity arises not from changes to its processive kinetics but rather from increasing time spent in either nonproductive rapid motions or an inactive, closed conformation.  相似文献   

Characterization of pruritus in canine atopic dermatitis,flea bite hypersensitivity and flea infestation and its role in diagnosis     

Vincent Bruet  Patrick J. Bourdeau  Anne Roussel  Latitia Imparato  Jean‐Claude Desfontis 《Veterinary dermatology》2012,23(6):487-e93

Background – In dogs, flea infestation (FI), flea bite hypersensitivity (FBH) and canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) have been mainly characterized by their lesions but never by their pruritus. In clinical practice, many of these dogs exhibit only pruritus. Hypothesis/Objectives – The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of pruritus in these dermatoses and their potential usefulness for diagnosis. Animals – Dogs included were selected from the Oniris clinical data. Cases were selected in which the dogs had only one of the three dermatoses diagnosed. The diagnosis of CAD was based on Prélaud’s criteria and positive intradermal tests except flea; for FBH by compatible clinical signs and a response to an intradermal test with flea allergen; and for FI by the presence of fleas. Moreover, in each group, other primary pruritic skin diseases were excluded. Methods – Location, behavioural manifestations, seasonality and quantification of the pruritus were evaluated. The statistical analysis used chi‐squared test with a P‐value <0.05. Results – Three hundred and forty‐six dogs were analysed, 91 with CAD, 110 FI and 145 FBH. The period (season) of onset was not statistically different either for each dermatosis or among the three dermatoses. Some locations were highly specific for one dermatosis as follows: ventral abdomen/medial surface of thigh (chewing) and radius/carpus/tibia/tarsus (chewing) in FI; back/dorsolumbar area (chewing) and tail (chewing) in FBH; and paws (chewing/licking) and face/neck (rubbing) in CAD. Conclusions and clinical importance – Some features of pruritus could be suggestive of the causal disease, with possible diagnostic value in pruritic dogs.  相似文献   

Out-patient antimicrobial drug use in dogs and cats for new disease events from community companion animal practices in Ontario     

Murphy CP  Reid-Smith RJ  Boerlin P  Weese JS  Prescott JF  Janecko N  McEwen SA 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2012,53(3):291-298

  相似文献   

Estimates of biological variation in routinely measured biochemical analytes in clinically healthy dogs     

Craig G. Ruaux  Patrick C. Carney  Jan S. Suchodolski  Jörg M. Steiner 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2012,41(4):541-547

  相似文献   

Expression of human CD46 has no effect on porcine circovirus type 2 infection and shedding in the experimental pig model     

Hemann M  Shen HG  Beach NM  Meng XJ  Halbur PG  Opriessnig T 《Veterinary research communications》2012,36(3):187-193

Xenotransplantation of tissues from transgenic pigs with desired genetic modifications such as CD46 expression help minimize xenograft rejections. However, CD46 is a known receptor for some viruses. In this study, pigs transgenic for human CD46 (CD46-TG) and appropriate non-transgenic (non-TG) control pigs were utilized to determine possible differences in the level of replication and shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Non-TG and CD46-TG were blocked by transgenic status and randomly divided into three groups: Non-TG negative controls (n?=?3), non-TG-PCV2 (n?=?10; PCV2a?=?5, PCV2b?=?5), and CD46-TG-PCV2 (n?=?6; PCV2a?=?3, PCV2b?=?3). Blood, oral, nasal and fecal swabs were collected at regular intervals from the day of arrival until 70 days post inoculation (DPI). All samples were tested by quantitative real-time PCR for the presence of PCV2 DNA and serum was tested for presence of PCV2 antibodies by ELISA. Overall, the main effects "transgenic status" and "PCV2 subtype" had no influence on degree of PCV2 viremia and shedding or the anti-PCV2 humoral immune response in CD46-TG-PCV2 pigs compared to non-TG-PCV2 pigs. Differences in PCV2 concentrations between non-TG-PCV2 and CD46-TG-PCV2 pigs were minimal and limited to DPI 35 in sera, DPI 7 in fecal swabs and DPI 5 in nasal swabs when CD46-TG-PCV2 pigs had significantly higher concentrations of PCV2 DNA. At DPI 1, CD46-TG-PCV2 pigs had significantly lower concentrations of PCV2 DNA in oral swabs. Under the study conditions, the presence of human CD46 in transgenic pigs had no effect on PCV2 infection in otherwise healthy pigs capable of a normal immune response.  相似文献   

Efficient surveillance of pig populations using oral fluids     

Ramirez A  Wang C  Prickett JR  Pogranichniy R  Yoon KJ  Main R  Johnson JK  Rademacher C  Hoogland M  Hoffmann P  Kurtz A  Kurtz E  Zimmerman J 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2012,104(3-4):292-300

Currently virus surveillance in swine herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. The objective of this study was to assess the value of using oral fluids collected by barn personnel as a method of surveillance based on PCR testing. Approximately 12,150 pigs in 10 wean-to-finish barns on 10 farms were monitored for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), and Torque teno virus genogroups 1 (TTV1) and 2 (TTV2) by sampling oral fluid specimens. Oral fluid samples were collected from 6 pens at each site starting at the time of pig placement (～3 weeks of age) and continuing thereafter at 2-week intervals for a period of 18 weeks. Data were analyzed both on a pen basis and barn basis. Overall, 508 (85%) samples were positive for PCV2, 73 (12%) for PRRSV, 46 (8%) for IAV, 483 (81%) for TTV2, and 155 (26%) for TTV1 during the study period. The estimated arithmetic means of the quantitative PCR-positive oral fluids for PCV2, PRRSV, and IAV were 1×10(4.62), 1×10(4.97), and 1×10(5.49)per ml. With a single exception, all barns were positive for PCV2 and TTV2 at every sampling point in the study. Virus detection varied among barns, particularly for IAV and PRRSV. The pen level, cumulative distribution of agent combinations between all 10 barns were statistically different. The most commonly observed patterns were PCV2+TTV2 (239 pen samples, 40%), PCV2+TTV1+TTV2 (88 pen samples, 15%), and PCV2 alone (66 pen samples, 11%). This "proof-of-concept" project showed that a variety of viruses could be detected either intermittently or continuously in pig populations and demonstrated that barn herd virus status is highly variable, even among barns in the same production system. Oral fluid sampling is a promising approach for increasing the efficiency and cost effectiveness of virus surveillance in swine herds.  相似文献   

The impact of quorum sensing on the virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas salmonicida towards burbot (Lota lota L.) larvae     

Natrah FM  Alam MI  Pawar S  Harzevili AS  Nevejan N  Boon N  Sorgeloos P  Bossier P  Defoirdt T 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,159(1-2):77-82

In this study, the link between quorum sensing in Aeromonas spp. and its virulence towards burbot (Lota lota) was investigated. High mortality occurred in burbot juveniles challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida HN-00, but not in juveniles challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1N. Meanwhile, both A. hydrophila AH-1N and A. salmonicida HN-00 were virulent towards larvae. The effect of quorum sensing on the virulence of A. hydrophila AH-1N towards burbot larvae was further investigated using quorum sensing mutants (N-(butyryl)-L-homoserine lactone production and receptor mutants). Challenge with these mutants resulted in higher survival of burbot larvae when compared to challenge with the wild type, and the addition of the signal molecule N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone restored the virulence of the quorum sensing production mutant. Moreover, quorum sensing inhibitors protected the burbot larvae from both Aeromonas strains. Finally, the freshwater micro-algae Chlorella saccharophila and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which are able to interfere with quorum sensing, also protected burbot from the pathogens. However, QS interference was unlikely to be the only mechanism. This study revealed that the virulence of Aeromonas spp. towards burbot is regulated by quorum sensing and that quorum sensing inhibitors and micro-algae are promising biocontrol agents.  相似文献