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991.
Rogers CW Firth EC McIlwraith CW Barneveld A Goodship AE Kawcak CE Smith RK van Weeren PR 《Equine veterinary journal》2008,40(2):119-127
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: No data exist on the effects of conditioning exercise at foal age on workload and subsequent clinical injury rate during their 2- and 3-year-old racing careers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of subjecting TB foals to conditioning exercise prior to the start of race training on: the workload required to reach a level of fitness sufficient to compete; and the prevalence of orthopaedic injury during the first 2 seasons of their racing careers. METHODS: Twenty 18-month-old TBs, 12 subjected to conditioning exercise at foal age (CONDEX) and 8 exercised spontaneously at pasture only (PASTEX) were trained and entered in competitive events. Workload was quantified using the cumulative workload index (the product of average velocity and distance at a specific gait) and the animals were monitored clinically and radiographically for signs of musculoskeletal disorders. RESULTS: Workload to reach the desired fitness level was similar for CONDEX and PASTEX. CONDEX performed more prerace training sessions as 2-year-olds (P<0.05). The incidence of orthopaedic injuries was low in both groups and there were no differences in the occurrence of orthopaedic ailments. PASTEX animals tended to show signs of musculoskeletal disorders earlier than CONDEX animals. This time difference was significant for metacarpophalangeal joint pain on flexion, reduced carpal flexion and hindlimb lameness (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Subjecting TB foals to conditioning exercise early in life does not have adverse effects on racing careers at ages 2 and 3 years, and does not influence the workload needed to reach a fitness level that is sufficient for racing. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The lack of negative effects and the indications of some positive effects of early conditioning exercise in the Thoroughbred encourage further large-scale comparative studies. 相似文献
992.
Evaluation of a new strategy to modulate skeletal development in Thoroughbred performance horses by imposing track-based exercise during growth 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rogers CW Firth EC McIlwraith CW Barneveld A Goodship AE Kawcak CE Smith RK van Weeren PR 《Equine veterinary journal》2008,40(2):111-118
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: No data exist on the intensity of exercise required or on possible harmful effects of increasing exercise in foals over the natural level when free at pasture. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether an increase in workload over free pasture exercise in the period from directly after birth to the start of training is tolerated by Thoroughbred (TB) foals without increasing injury rate or producing other undesired side effects. METHODS: Thirty-three TB foals were allocated to one of 2 exercise groups directly after birth. One group (PASTEX) was raised on pasture and the other (CONDEX) kept under identical circumstances, but was additionally subjected to an exercise protocol of gradually increasing intensity. Foals were monitored periodically and scored for the presence of clinical signs related to the musculoskeletal system (joint effusion, pain at flexion, occurrence of physeal swelling), and radiographs taken at the end of the conditioning phase. Also, behavioural studies were performed to detect any changes in behaviour related to the exercise programme. Cortisol levels were measured in both groups, to assess the level of stress. RESULTS: Workload in the CONDEX group was significantly higher than in the PASTEX group (approximately 30%). Conditioning increased the likelihood for joint effusion in the antebrachiocarpal joint, but reduced tarsocrural effusion and physeal swelling at the lateral distal radius, the third metacarpal bone (medial aspect) and lateral and medial aspects of the third metatarsal bone. CONCLUSIONS: The 30% increase in workload did not affect the animals' welfare, effects of conditioning exercise on clinical musculoskeletal health were few and there were no adverse effects. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This study supports the feasibility of imposing early conditioning exercise in horses and is a benchmark for its effects on the development of equine musculoskeletal tissues. 相似文献
993.
Cunningham SM Rush JE Freeman LM Brown DJ Smith CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2008,22(4):924-930
BACKGROUND: Boxer dogs are routinely screened by echocardiography to exclude congenital and acquired heart disease. Individuals of a given breed may span a large range of body sizes, potentially invalidating linear regression of M-mode measurements against body weight. Echocardiographic ratio indices (ERIs) provide a novel method of characterizing echocardiographic differences between Boxers and other dog breeds. HYPOTHESIS: ERIs obtained from overtly healthy Boxer dogs presented for cardiac screening will be different from ERIs established for normal non-Boxer dogs, and those differences will be unrelated to aortic velocity or systolic blood pressure. ANIMALS: Eighty-one Boxers with no outward clinical signs of heart disease were studied. METHODS: All dogs were examined by 2-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. M-mode measurements were used to perform ERI calculations, and the indices in Boxers were compared between Boxers with varying severity of arrhythmia and those of normal non-Boxer dogs. RESULTS: Differences in weight-based ERIs, which reflect increased thickness of the left ventricular free wall (LVW) and interventricular septum (IVS) and smaller aortic size, were found in overtly healthy Boxer dogs compared with normal non-Boxer dogs. ERIs of left atrial and LV cavity size in overtly healthy Boxers were not significantly different from those of non-Boxer dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Boxer dogs may have an increased relative thickness of the LVW and IVS that is independent of aortic size, aortic velocity, or arterial blood pressure, and this morphology should be taken into consideration when screening Boxers by echocardiography. 相似文献
994.
995.
Bailey KS Dewey CW Boothe DM Barone G Kortz GD 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,232(6):867-872
OBJECTIVE: To assess pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of oral levetiracetam administered as an adjunct to phenobarbital treatment in cats with poorly controlled suspected idiopathic epilepsy. DESIGN-Open-label, noncomparative clinical trial. ANIMALS: 12 cats suspected to have idiopathic epilepsy that was poorly controlled with phenobarbital or that had unacceptable adverse effects when treated with phenobarbital. PROCEDURES: Cats were treated with levetiracetam (20 mg/kg [9.1 mg/lb], PO, q 8 h). After a minimum of 1 week of treatment, serum levetiracetam concentrations were measured before and 2, 4, and 6 hours after drug administration, and maximum and minimum serum concentrations and elimination half-life were calculated. Seizure frequencies before and after initiation of levetiracetam treatment were compared, and adverse effects were recorded. RESULTS: Median maximum serum levetiracetam concentration was 25.5 microg/mL, median minimum serum levetiracetam concentration was 8.3 microg/mL, and median elimination half-life was 2.9 hours. Median seizure frequency prior to treatment with levetiracetam (2.1 seizures/mo) was significantly higher than median seizure frequency after initiation of levetiracetam treatment (0.42 seizures/mo), and 7 of 10 cats were classified as having responded to levetiracetam treatment (ie, reduction in seizure frequency of >or=50%). Two cats had transient lethargy and inappetence. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that levetiracetam is well tolerated in cats and may be useful as an adjunct to phenobarbital treatment in cats with idiopathic epilepsy. 相似文献
996.
Schwarz D Klein L Weinstein S Rabaut S Murtaugh B Smith T 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2008,233(7):1053; author reply 1053-1053; author reply 1054
997.
Leitman NR Busch DC Bader JF Mallory DA Wilson DJ Lucy MC Ellersieck MR Smith MF Patterson DJ 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(8):1808-1818
The objective of the experiment was to compare follicular dynamics, ovulatory response to GnRH, and synchrony of estrus and ovulation among estrous-cycling and prepubertal beef heifers synchronized with a controlled internal drug-release (CIDR)- based or GnRH-PGF(2alpha) (PG) protocol. Estrous-cycling beef heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (C1, C2, C3, C4), and prepubertal beef heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (P1, P2) by age and BW. Blood samples were taken 10 and 1 d before treatment to confirm estrous cyclicity status (progesterone > or =0.5 ng/mL estrous cycling). The CIDR Select (C1, n = 12; P1, n = 14)-treated heifers received a CIDR insert (1.38 g of progesterone) from d 0 to 14, GnRH (100 microg, i.m.) on d 23, and PG (25 mg, i.m.) on d 30. Select Synch + CIDR (C2, n = 12; P2, n = 11)-treated heifers received a CIDR insert and GnRH on d 23 and PG at CIDR removal on d 30. The CIDR-PG (C3, n = 12)-treated heifers received a CIDR insert on d 23 and PG at CIDR removal on d 30. Select Synch (C4, n = 12)-treated heifers received GnRH on d 23 and PG on d 30. HeatWatch transmitters were fitted at CIDR removal (C1, C2, C3, P1, and P2) or at GnRH administration (C4) for estrus detection. Ultrasound was used to determine the response to GnRH and the timing of ovulation after estrus. Among the estrous-cycling heifers, ovulatory response to GnRH and estrous response did not differ (P > 0.05). Among the prepubertal heifers, more (P = 0.02) P1 heifers responded to GnRH than P2 heifers, but estrous response did not differ (P > 0.05). Among the estrous-cycling heifers, variance for interval to estrus after PG was reduced (P < 0.05) for C1 compared with each of the other treatments, and C3 [corrected] was reduced (P < 0.05) compared with C2 [corrected] Variance for interval to ovulation after PG was reduced (P < 0.05) for C1 compared with each of the other treatments. Among the prepubertal heifers, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in variance for interval to estrus or ovulation. Results from C1 and P1 (T1) and C2 and P2 (T2) were combined to compare T1 and T2 among mixed groups of estrous-cycling and prepubertal heifers. Response to GnRH was greater (P < 0.01; 81% T1 and 39% T2), and variances for interval to estrus and ovulation for T1 were reduced (P < 0.01) compared with T2. In summary, CIDR Select improved (P < 0.01) the synchrony of estrus and ovulation compared with Select Synch + CIDR. 相似文献
998.
Atkins JA Busch DC Bader JF Keisler DH Patterson DJ Lucy MC Smith MF 《Journal of animal science》2008,86(1):83-93
The COSynch protocol has been used to synchronize ovulation and facilitate fixed-time AI in beef cattle. Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy was negatively affected, in previous studies, by GnRH-induced ovulation of small dominant follicles (=11 mm). The reason for the presence of small follicles at the second GnRH (GnRH 2) is not clear. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effect of ovulatory response at the first GnRH (GnRH 1) on diameter and variation in diameter of the largest follicle at GnRH 2, and 2) to determine the effect of day of the cycle (stage of a follicular wave) on GnRH-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release, and the resulting ovulatory response after GnRH 1 and 2. Two experiments used pubertal beef heifers synchronized to be on different days of the estrous cycle (d 2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 after estrus) in which a dominant follicle would or would not respond to GnRH 1. Ovulatory response to GnRH 1 did not affect size or variation in diameter of the largest follicle at GnRH 2 in Exp. 1 or 2. In Exp. 1, ovulatory response after GnRH 1 (0/14(a), 12/13(b), 4/13(ac), 9/13(bc), and 2/10(a) in the d 2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 groups; (a-c)P < 0.05) and GnRH 2 (13/14(a), 12/13(a), 12/13(a), 2/13(b), and 2/10(b) in the d 2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 groups, respectively; (a,b)P < 0.05) was affected by day of the cycle. In Exp. 2, day of the cycle also affected the proportion of heifers ovulating after GnRH 1 (0/7(a), 8/8(b), 0/6(a) 5/8(ab), and 5/8(ab) of the d 2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 heifers, respectively; (a-c)P < 0.05) and GnRH 2 (3/7(ab), 8/8(b), 5/6(b), 1/8(a), and 2/8(a) of the d 2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 heifers, respectively; (a,b)P < 0.05). In both experiments, heifers receiving GnRH 1 on d 15 and 18 had a greater (P < 0.05) occurrence of luteolysis before PGF(2alpha) injection and expression of estrus than heifers treated on d 2, 5, and 10. The GnRH-induced LH surge was of greatest magnitude in heifers receiving GnRH 1 on d 18 of the cycle followed by d 5, 15, 10, and 2 (9,054(b), 5,774(bc), 4,672(c), 2,548(c), and 915(d) arbitrary units; respectively; (a-d)P < 0.05). In summary, ovulatory response to GnRH 1 did not affect size of the dominant follicle at GnRH 2. Day of the cycle when GnRH 1 was delivered affected dominant follicle size at GnRH 2. Treatment with GnRH 1 in the earlier part of the estrous cycle (on or before d 10) increased the proportion of dominant follicles that were large enough to respond to GnRH 2 (>/=10 mm) and increased ovulatory response after GnRH 2. 相似文献
999.
1000.