Interactive effects of sodium zeolite-A and copper in growing swine: growth, and bone and tissue mineral concentrations.     

T L Ward  K L Watkins  L L Southern  P G Hoyt  D D French 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(2):726-733

An experiment was conducted with 64 crossbred pigs to determine the effect of 0 or .50% dietary sodium zeolite-A (NZA) in combination with 0 or 250 ppm supplemental Cu (as CuSO4.5H2O). Pigs were assigned randomly to one of the following four treatments: 1) corn-soybean meal basal (B), 2) B + .50% NZA, 3) B + 250 ppm Cu, or 4) B + .50% NZA + 250 ppm Cu. Each treatment was replicated four times with four pigs per replicate. Average initial weight was 7.5 kg and the experimental period lasted 144 d. Overall rate and efficiency of gain, incidence of gastric ulcers, dressing percentage, carcass weight, percentage of muscling, 10th rib fat, loin eye area, blood urea N, and bone Ca, P, Mn, Fe, Ni, Na, and Al concentrations were not affected by treatment. The addition of 250 ppm Cu increased liver (P less than .01), serum (P less than .06), and bone (P less than .07) Cu concentrations but decreased mean backfat thickness (P less than .09), bone ash percentage (P less than .03) and serum (P less than .09) and bone (P less than .01) Zn concentrations. Sodium zeolite-A increased serum alkaline phosphatase (P less than .04), carcass length (P less than .06), and liver (P less than .02) and bone (P less than .01) Zn content but decreased (P less than .04) serum Ca and serum inorganic P concentrations. Sodium zeolite-A did not protect against liver Cu accumulation or gastric ulceration in growing swine fed 250 ppm supplemental Cu.  相似文献   

Effect of fenbendazole and pyrantel tartrate on the induction of protective immunity in pigs naturally or experimentally infected with Ascaris suum     

L L Southern  T B Stewart  E Bodak-Koszalka  D L Leon  P G Hoyt  M E Bessette 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(3):628-634

An experiment was conducted with 96 weanling pigs (avg initial wt 18.5 kg) divided into six treatment with two replicates of eight pigs each. Pigs in Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were penned in outside pens with dirt lots that previously were contaminated with A. suum ova to induce a natural ascaris infection. Pigs in Treatments 4, 5 and 6 were penned in an open-front building with solid concrete floors and were experimentally infected with 2,000 embryonated A. suum. ova on d 1, 15 and 29 of the experiment. Pigs in Treatments 1 and 4 were medicated with fenbendazole (FBZ, 3 mg/[kg BW.d]) for three consecutive days during three consecutive time periods. Pigs in Treatments 2 and 5 were medicated with pyrantel tartrate (PT, 106 mg/kg feed) for 28 d. Pigs in Treatments 3 and 6 served as infected, unmedicated controls. All pigs were challenged with 100 A. suum eggs 7 d after termination of the final FBZ treatment. All pigs were killed 66 d after challenge and worms were recovered. Fenbendazole treatment resulted in greater (P less than .07) average daily gain than PT treatment in pigs penned outside. Among inside pigs, FBZ treatment resulted in better (P less than .02) feed utilization than in controls. The FBZ and PT treatments reduced (P less than .03) the total number of A. suum, the length and weight of female ascarids and the length of male ascarids compared with controls. A natural continual infection with A. suum was less effective than experimental infection in inducing protective immunity in pigs.  相似文献   

Effects of supplemental L-tryptophan on serotonin, cortisol, intestinal integrity, and behavior in weanling piglets   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Koopmans SJ  Guzik AC  van der Meulen J  Dekker R  Kogut J  Kerr BJ  Southern LL 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(4):963-971

Stress occurs in intensive pig farming when piglets are weaned and mixed. In this study, we investigated whether this stress might be reduced with elevated dietary levels of Trp. The effects of supplemental dietary Trp (5 g/kg of feed, as-fed basis) were tested on the neuroendocrine system, intestinal integrity, behavior, and growth performance in nursery pigs, both before and after mixing. Mixing occurred 5 d after weaning and diet introduction. On d 4, 5, and 6, Trp-fed pigs vs. control pigs showed approximately a 2-fold elevation in plasma Trp concentrations (68 +/- 7 vs. 32 +/- 2 micromol/L; P < 0.001), a 38% increase in hypothalamic serotonin turnover as measured by 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid:5-hydroxytryptamine (P < 0.001), and an 11 to 18% increase (P < 0.05) in the intestinal villus height:crypt depth. Before (d 4) and at (d 5) mixing, saliva but not plasma cortisol concentrations were reduced (P < 0.02) by approximately 2-fold in Trp-fed pigs vs. control pigs. Intestinal paracellular (horseradish peroxidase) and transcellular (fluorescein isothiocyanate) transport of macromolecules were not affected by dietary treatment, but mixing induced a 2-fold reduction (P < 0.05) in transcellular transport. Behavioral responses (lying and standing) at mixing were not affected by dietary treatment, except on d 10 after diet introduction when Trp supplementation induced more lying and less standing (P < 0.02). Average daily gain and ADFI were not different among dietary groups (P > 0.10). In conclusion, supplemental dietary Trp (5 g/kg) to piglets increased hypothalamic serotonergic activity, reduced the salivary cortisol response to mixing, improved intestinal morphology, and reduced physical activity 10 d after diet introduction. Consequently, diets containing high Trp levels improved neuroendocrine components of stress and increased gastrointestinal robustness but did not affect behavioral reactivity in nursery pigs during weaning and mixing.  相似文献   

Immunization of pigs against Ascaris suum by sequential experimental infections terminated with fenbendazole during larval migration     

T B Stewart  L L Southern  R B Gibson  L A Simmons 《Veterinary parasitology》1985,17(4):319-326

Three experimental infections of weaning pigs with 2000 embryonated Ascaris suum eggs each, 11 days apart, followed each time by fenbendazole treatment, produced a significant host response when compared with similar infected or uninfected control pigs as assessed by response to a subsequent challenge with 100 embryonated A. suum eggs. The response elicited from pigs treated with fenbendazole on either 2, 3, and 4 days or, 6, 7, and 8 days after each experimental infection was expressed as a reduction in the number of pigs with A. suum, in the number of worms per pig, in the weight of male and female worms, and in the length of male and female worms. No differences in average daily weight gain, feed-conversion efficiency or histology of lungs and liver were noted among the 4 treatment groups.  相似文献   

Active immunization of prepubertal boars against testosterone: testicular and endocrine responses at 14 months of age     

D L Thompson  L L Southern  R L St George  L S Jones  F Garza 《Journal of animal science》1985,61(6):1498-1504

Thirteen crossbred boars were immunized at 1 mo of age against either testosterone-3-oxime-equine serum albumin (treated boars) or equine serum albumin (control boars) to test the hypothesis that active immunization against testosterone stimulates testicular growth and development in the prepubertal boar. All boars were injected with the appropriate antigen at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mo of age and were slaughtered at 14 mo of age. Active immunization against testosterone resulted in an increase (P less than .05) in tritiated-testosterone binding by plasma within 60 d after the primary immunization; the degree of binding decreased by 6 mo but remained elevated (P less than .05) relative to controls through 12 mo of age. There was no effect of treatment on body weights through 12 mo of age. Concentrations of testosterone in plasma were higher (P less than .05) in testosterone-immunized boars than in controls; this increase was likely due to antibody binding rather than increased testosterone secretion because (1) concentrations of androgen in testicular parenchyma at slaughter were not altered by treatment and (2) plasma concentrations of estrogens were generally not affected by treatment. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were markedly suppressed in testosterone-immunized boars during the time when concentrations of these gonadotropins were high in control boars (greater than 3 mo of age). In spite of suppression of average LH and FSH concentrations, testicular weights, daily sperm production rates and seminal characteristics were similar for the two groups of boars at slaughter. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

城镇环境污染对人类健康影响     

袁煦  黄飚  周青 《中国农学通报》2005,21(2):356-356

随着世界范围内城镇化进程加快,城镇规模扩展,生产、生活、交通、能源等对煤和石油的大量消耗,造成大量的“工业三废”排放到环境中,致使环境质量下降.生活在城镇中的人难以躲避来自于空气、饮水、食物、噪声乃至光的污染,健康受到损害.环境污染影响人体健康的特点是多因子、多介质、低剂量、长期作用。环境中任何物理的、化学的以及生物的因素的改变都可对人类健康产生影响,由此引发哮喘、过敏、高心病、重金属中毒以至癌症等威胁人类健康的疾病, 并使城镇人口的死亡率上升。  相似文献   

Effect of chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, pork quality, and plasma metabolites in growing-finishing pigs   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  

Shelton JL  Payne RL  Johnston SL  Bidner TD  Southern LL  Odgaard RL  Page TG 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(10):2515-2524

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary Cr, as Cr propionate, on growth, carcass traits, pork quality, and plasma metabolites in growing-finishing swine. Ninety-six crossbred gilts (Exp. 1; initial and final BW of 28 [SEM = 0.41] and 109 [SEM = 2.11] kg) or 144 PIC Cambrough 22 barrows (Exp. 2; initial and final BW of 26 [SEM = 0.39] and 111 [SEM = 2.52] kg) were allotted to six or four dietary treatments, respectively, with six replications and four (Exp. 1) or six (Exp. 2) pigs in each replicate pen blocked by weight in randomized complete block designs. The six dietary treatments for Exp. 1 were 1) corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), 2) C-SBM + 50 ppb Cr, 3) C-SBM + 100 ppb Cr, 4) C-SBM + 200 ppb Cr, 5) C-SBM low NE diet, and 6) C-SBM low NE diet + 200 ppb Cr. The four dietary treatments for Exp. 2 were C-SBM with 0, 100, 200, or 300 ppb Cr. Growth, carcass traits, and plasma metabolite (collected on d 29 and at each phase change) data were taken at the end of both experiments and pork quality data were taken at the end of Exp. 1. There was no effect (P > 0.10) on overall growth performance when pigs were fed graded levels of Cr (Exp. 1 and 2) or Cr in the positive control or low NE diets (Exp. 1). Longissimus muscle area, ham weight, ham fat-free lean, and total carcass lean were increased in pigs fed 200 ppb in the positive control diets but decreased in pigs fed 200 ppb Cr in the low NE diets (Cr x NE, P < 0.08). There was no effect of Cr concentration (P > 0.10) on carcass traits in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, cook loss of a fresh or a frozen chop was decreased (P < 0.10) by 200 ppb Cr. In Exp. 1, NEFA concentration was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed Cr in the positive control or low NE diets during the early-finishing period. In Exp. 2, the addition of Cr decreased NEFA (quadratic, P < 0.09) and plasma urea N (linear, P < 0.02) concentrations and tended to increase total cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (quadratic, P < 0.09). In these experiments, Cr propionate had no effect on overall growth performance, variable effects on carcass traits and plasma metabolites, and some positive effects on pork quality, especially water holding capacity of a fresh or frozen chop.  相似文献   

Effect of phytase addition and dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on plasma metabolites and ileal and total-tract nutrient digestibility in pigs   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Johnston SL  Williams SB  Southern LL  Bidner TD  Bunting LD  Matthews JO  Olcott BM 《Journal of animal science》2004,82(3):705-714

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phytase on plasma metabolites and AA and energy digestibility in swine. In Exp. 1, eight barrows (surgery BW = 52 kg) were fitted with steered ileocecal cannulas. The experiment was a Latin rectangle and the treatments were 1) corn-soybean meal diet adequate in Ca and P (0.5% Ca, 0.19% available P [aP]), 2) corn-soybean meal diet with reduced Ca and P (0.4% Ca, 0.09% aP), 3) Diet 1 with 500 phytase units/kg, or 4) Diet 2 with 500 phytase units/kg. Pigs were fed twice daily to a total daily energy intake of 2.6 x maintenance (106 kcal of ME/kg of BW(0.75)). For each ileal digesta sample, digesta samples were collected for two 24-h periods and combined for each pig. The combination of supplementing with phytase and decreasing the concentration of dietary Ca and P increased average ileal AA (P < 0.02), starch (P < 0.02), GE (P < 0.04), and DM (P < 0.03) digestibilities. In Exp. 2, a feeding challenge was conducted with barrows (eight per treatment; average BW of 53 kg). The treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal diet or corn-soybean meal diet + 500 phytase units per kilogram of diet. In the diet with no phytase, Ca and aP were at 0.50% and 0.19%, respectively, and, in the diet with phytase, Ca and aP were each decreased by 0.12%. A catheter was surgically inserted into the anterior vena cava of each pig 6 d before the start of the feeding challenge. The barrows were penned individually, and the diets were fed for 3 d before the challenge. The pigs were held without feed for 16 h, and blood samples were obtained at -60, -30, and 0 min before the pigs were fed (2% of BW). Blood samples were then collected at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 min after feeding. Glucose area under the response curve and plasma glucose, insulin, urea N, and total alpha-amino N concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet with reduced Ca and P and the phytase addition. Area under the response curve for insulin, urea N, and total alpha-amino N; insulin:glucose; and plasma NEFA concentration, clearance, and half-life were not affected by diet. In conclusion, the combination of Ca and P reduction and phytase addition increased nutrient and energy digestibility in diets for pigs and increased plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, urea N, and alpha-amino N.  相似文献   

Effects of microbial phytase, low calcium and phosphorus, and removing the dietary trace mineral premix on carcass traits, pork quality, plasma metabolites, and tissue mineral content in growing-finishing pigs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Shelton JL  Southern LL  LeMieux FM  Bidner TD  Page TG 《Journal of animal science》2004,82(9):2630-2639

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of phytase addition, reduced Ca and available P (aP), and removing the trace mineral premix (TMP) on growth performance, plasma metabolites, carcass traits, pork quality, and tissue mineral content in growing-finishing swine. One hundred twenty cross-bred pigs (initial and final BW of 22 and 109 kg, respectively) were allotted to five dietary treatments on the basis of weight within gender in a randomized complete block design. There were three replications of barrows and three replications of gilts, with four pigs per replicate pen. The dietary treatments were as follows: 1) corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), 2) C-SBM with reduced Ca and aP, 3) C-SBM with reduced Ca and aP plus 500 phytase units/kg of diet, 4) Diet 1 without the TMP, and 5) Diet 3 without the TMP. The Ca and aP were reduced by 0.10% in the low Ca and aP diets and the diets with added phytase. Daily gain, hot carcass weight, dressing percent, kilograms of carcass lean, bone ash percent, and bone strength were decreased (P = 0.10), but liver and kidney weight were increased (P = 0.10) in pigs fed diets with reduced Ca and aP; adding phytase reversed these responses (P = 0.10). The Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage L* was decreased (P = 0.09) in pigs fed the low Ca and aP diet plus phytase relative to those fed the control diet. Removing the TMP had no effect on overall growth performance, but it increased (P = 0.03) 10th-rib backfat thickness and fasting glucose and decreased (P = 0.03) carcass length and ham weight. Liver weight and liver weight as a percentage of final BW were not affected when phytase was added to the control diet, but removing the TMP increased liver weight and liver weight as a percentage of final BW; adding phytase reversed these responses (phytase x TMP, P = 0.06). Removing the TMP decreased (P = 0.08) Zn concentrations in the bone, muscle, and liver, and Cu and Fe concentrations in the bile but increased (P = 0.08) Mn concentrations in the bile and liver of pigs. The addition of phytase reversed the negative effects of the reduced Ca and aP diets. These data indicate that removing the TMP in diets for growing-finishing pigs has no negative effects on growth performance or pork quality, but it had negative effects on carcass traits and had variable effects on tissue mineral content.  相似文献   

Performance of pigs with mixed nematode infections before and after ivermectin treatment     

T B Stewart  D L Leon  M C Fox  L L Southern  E Bodak-Koszalka 《Veterinary parasitology》1991,39(3-4):253-266

Ninety crossbred parasitized pigs were used in two controlled experiments to compare performance before and after ivermectin treatment. Four groups of 15 pigs were sequentially infected with 2000 Ascaris suum, 10,000 Oesophagostomum spp. and 10,000 Strongyloides ransomi beginning at average pig weights of either 38 kg (Experiment I) or 14 kg (Experiment II). Two infected groups of pigs were treated with ivermectin on Day 34 (Experiment I) or 37 (Experiment II) of the experiments and all pigs were fed to slaughter weights of approximately 100 kg. Average daily gain (ADG) of heavier ivermectin-treated pigs was greater than that of infected non-treated pigs (P less than 0.03) and feed conversion was numerically greater by 5% (P greater than 0.10). ADG was not different between lighter treated or non-treated pigs, but feed conversion was numerically 4% greater in ivermectin-treated compared to non-treated pigs (P greater than 0.10). No differences existed in carcass dressing percentage among the three groups of heavier pigs, but among the lighter groups ivermectin-treated pigs had a higher dressing percentage (P less than 0.03) than infected non-treated or control pigs. Results of the calculation of production costs based on combined data from the two experiments for the post-treatment period, including feed, drug and maintenance costs, indicate that the production cost for ivermectin-treated pigs was $1.53 per pig less than that for infected non-treated pigs when the cost for each group to attain control pig weights is compared with the actual cost for control pigs.  相似文献