Identification and characterization of international Fusarium head blight screening nurseries of wheat at CIMMYT, Mexico   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xinyao He  Pawan K. Singh  Etienne Duveiller  Norbert Schlang  Susanne Dreisigacker  Ravi P. Singh 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(1):123-134

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat to wheat production globally, causing not only yield losses but also food and feed contamination. FHB research began at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in the early 1980’s, and since then, large-scale FHB screening has been conducted to identify and incorporate new resistance genes into elite CIMMYT germplasm. Promising lines with good FHB resistance were regularly compiled as a Fusarium Head Blight Screening Nursery (FHBSN) and distributed worldwide. The first FHBSN was assembled in 1985, and the most recent two were the 13th and 14th FHBSN that were released in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Candidate lines for a FHBSN came mainly from different CIMMYT wheat breeding programs and were tested for three consecutive years before being included in an FHBSN. FHBSN screening was conducted under strictly standardized field conditions at El Batán, where CIMMYT headquarters is located, using artificial inoculation of F. graminearum strains, whose aggressiveness and DON chemotypes had been previously identified. FHB index was scored at 31 days after inoculation for all lines and DON concentration was measured only for elite lines in their 2nd and 3rd year of evaluation. Haplotyping is a new tool for genetic characterization of FHBSN entries and helps to identify new resistance sources with novel resistance genes and to better target crosses toward diversifying and/or pyramiding resistance. The 13th FHBSN was taken as an example in this paper to show the procedure and strategy for the development of new FHB resistant lines.  相似文献   

Identification of enterodiol as a masker for caffeine bitterness by using a pharmacophore model based on structural analogues of homoeriodictyol     

Ley JP  Dessoy M  Paetz S  Blings M  Hoffmann-Lücke P  Reichelt KV  Krammer GE  Pienkny S  Brandt W  Wessjohann L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(25):6303-6311

Starting from previous structure-activity relationship studies of taste modifiers based on homoeriodictyol, dihydrochalcones, deoxybenzoins, and trans-3-hydroxyflavones as obvious analogues were investigated for their masking effect against caffeine. The most active compounds of the newly investigated taste modifiers were phloretin, the related dihydrochalcones 3-methoxy-2',4,4'-trihydroxydihydrochalcone and 2',4-dihydroxy-3-methoxydihydrochalcone, and the deoxybenzoin 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone. Starting with the whole set of compounds showing activity >22%, a (Q)SAR pharmacophore model for maskers of caffeine bitterness was calculated to explain the structural requirements. After docking of the pharmacophore into a structural model of the broadly tuned bitter receptor hTAS2R10 and docking of enterolactone and enterodiol as only very weakly related structures, it was possible to predict qualitatively their modulating activity. Enterodiol (25 mg L(-1)) reduced the bitterness of the 500 mg L(-1) caffeine solution by about 30%, whereas enterolactone showed no masking but a slight bitter-enhancing effect.  相似文献   

Herbivore-induced volatiles from tea (Camellia sinensis) plants and their involvement in intraplant communication and changes in endogenous nonvolatile metabolites     

Dong F  Yang Z  Baldermann S  Sato Y  Asai T  Watanabe N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(24):13131-13135

As a defense response to attacks by herbivores such as the smaller tea tortrix ( Adoxophyes honmai Yasuda), tea ( Camellia sinensis ) leaves emit numerous volatiles such as (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, α-farnesene, benzyl nitrile, indole, nerolidol, and ocimenes in higher concentration. Attack of Kanzawa spider mites ( Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida), another major pest insect of tea crops, induced the emission of α-farnesene and ocimenes from tea leaves. The exogenous application of jasmonic acid to tea leaves induced a volatile blend that was similar, although not identical, to that induced by the smaller tea tortrix. Most of these herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) were not stored in the tea leaves but emitted after the herbivore attack. Both the adaxial and abaxial epidermal layers of tea leaves emitted blends of similar composition. Furthermore, HIPV such as α-farnesene were emitted mostly from damaged but not from undamaged leaf regions. A principal component analysis of metabolites (m/z 70-1000) in undamaged tea leaves exposed or not to HIPV suggests that external signaling via HIPV may lead to more drastic changes in the metabolite spectrum of tea leaves than internal signaling via vascular connections, although total catechin contents were slightly but not significantly increased in the external signaling via HIPV.  相似文献   

A scavenging double mask to reduce workplace contamination during mask induction of inhalation anesthesia in dogs     

Susanne Friembichler  Paul Coppens  Heli S?re  Yves Moens 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):1

Background

Workplace contamination by the use of volatile anesthetic agents should be kept to a minimum if a potential health hazard is to be minimised. Mask induction of animals is a common procedure. The present study investigates the efficiency of a novel scavenging double mask in reducing waste gas concentrations in the breathing zone of the anesthetist performing this procedure.

Methods

Twelve beagle dogs (ASA I) undergoing general anesthesia for a dental procedure were intravenously premedicated with medetomidine and butorphanol (10 μg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced via a custom-made scavenging mask using isoflurane in oxygen. In six dogs (group S), scavenging from the mask was performed whereas in six other dogs (group NS) the scavenging function was disabled. Isoflurane concentration was continuously measured with photoacoustic spectroscopy at the level of the shoulder of the anesthetist before and during mask induction and additionally during intubation. Statistical analysis was performed with a Student t- test and a Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05 for significance).

Results

The mean isoflurane concentration during baseline (premedication) was 1.8 ± 0.8 ppm and 2.3 ± 0.6 ppm in group S and NS respectively. This increased during mask induction to 2.0 ± 0.8 ppm and 11.2 ± 6.0 ppm respectively (p < 0.01). The maximum isoflurane concentration ranged from 0.7 ppm to 2.8 ppm and from from 8.3 ppm to 43.7 ppm in group S and NS respectively.

Conclusion

This double mask can be used to induce inhalation anesthesia in dogs. Scavenging from the mask significantly decreases the amount of waste anaesthetic gas concentrations in the breathing zone of the anesthetist. Therefore, such a system can be recommended whenever induction or maintenance of general anesthesia by mask is considered.  相似文献   

Effect of tylosin on dogs with suspected tylosin-responsive diarrhea: a placebo-controlled,randomized, double-blinded,prospective clinical trial     

Susanne Kilpinen  Thomas Spillmann  Pernilla Syrj?  Teresa Skrzypczak  Maria Louhelainen  Elias Westermarck 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2011,53(1):26

Background

The macrolid antibiotic tylosin has been widely used to treat canine chronic diarrhea, although its efficacy is based on anecdotal reports and experimental studies in dogs and not on strong scientific evidence. The term tylosin-responsive diarrhea (TRD) refers to diarrheal disorders responding to tylosin therapy within a few days. In TRD, the stool remains normal as long as tylosin treatment continues, but diarrhea reappears in many dogs within weeks after discontinuation. The aim of our trial was to assess the effect of tylosin on fecal consistency compared with a placebo treatment in dogs with suspected TRD and additionally to establish whether tylosin in dogs with recurrent diarrhea is as effective as empirical studies and anecdotal reports suggest.

Methods

Subjects comprised 71 client-owned dogs that, according to the owners, had previously been treated successfully with tylosin due to recurrent diarrhea of unknown etiology. At the initial examination, where there were no signs of diarrhea, the dogs were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to a tylosin or placebo group. During a two-month follow-up the owners evaluated the fecal consistency according to previously published guidelines. When diarrhea recurred, either tylosin (25 mg/kg q 24 h, 7 days) or placebo treatment was initiated orally. Treatment outcome was evaluated as the mean of fecal consistency scores assigned during the last three days of the treatment period. To test for differences between the tylosin and placebo group in the proportion of responders, Pearson''s Chi-squared test and Fisher''s exact test were applied.

Results

Sixty-one dogs met the selection criteria and were followed for two months. During the follow-up 27 dogs developed diarrhea and either tylosin or placebo treatment was started. The proportion of dogs with normal fecal consistency at the end of treatment was 85% (17/20) in the tylosin group and 29% (2/7) in the placebo group (Pearson''s Chi-squared test p = 0.0049 and Fisher''s exact test two-sided, p = 0.0114).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that tylosin is effective in treating recurrent diarrhea in dogs. The dose of 25 mg/kg once daily appears sufficient. No changes specific to TRD were detected in the examinations.  相似文献   

In vitro effect of ventriculocordectomy before laryngoplasty on abduction of the equine arytenoid cartilage     

Perkins JD  Meighan H  Windley Z  Troester S  Piercy R  Schumacher J 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2011,40(3):305-310

Objective: To determine whether ventriculocordectomy (VCE) performed before prosthetic laryngoplasty (PL) results in increased rima glottidis size compared with PL alone. Study Design: Experimental study. Animals: Equine cadaver larynges (n=13). Methods: Right arytenoid cartilages were maximally abducted using a standard PL technique. Standard PLs were then performed on the left side and the force required to maximally abduct the left arytenoid cartilage recorded (F_max). Photographs were taken of the rima glottidis at zero force and at five equal levels of force up to F_max. The force applied was released, left VCE performed, and photographs repeated. Arytenoid left:right angle quotients (LRQ) and glottic cross‐sectional area ratios (CSAR) were calculated at each force level in each condition (PL and VCE‐PL). Results: Mean LRQ and CSAR for both PL and VCE‐PL increased with increasing force, initially rapidly before plateauing at ～50% of F_max. LRQ and CSAR were significantly greater for VCE‐PL than for PL (P<.001). When VCE was performed before PL, 12% less force was required to achieve an LRQ of 0.8, and 45% less for a CSAR of 0.8. Conclusions: In vitro, VCE performed before PL enables the arytenoid cartilage to be abducted to a greater degree for a given PL suture force.  相似文献   

Gene flow among different teosinte taxa and into the domesticated maize gene pool     

Marilyn L. Warburton  Garrison Wilkes  S. Taba  Alain Charcosset  Celine Mir  Fabrice Dumas  Delphine Madur  Susanne Dreisigacker  Claudia Bedoya  B. M. Prasanna  C. X. Xie  Sarah Hearne  Jorge Franco 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2011,58(8):1243-1261

Maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) was domesticated from one wild species ancestor, the Balsas teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) about 9000 years ago. Higher levels of gene diversity are found in teosinte taxa compared to maize, following domestication and selection bottlenecks. Diversity in maize can be increased via gene flow from teosinte, which has certainly occurred from various taxa, but the rate of flow from different teosinte taxa and the final impact on maize evolution has been difficult to measure. One hundred populations from six Zea taxa, both domesticated (maize) and wild (teosinte), including domesticated landraces from Asia, Africa, and the Americas, were genotyped with 17 SSR markers using 15 individuals per population. Overall levels of diversity were high, and populations could be distinguished based on markers. Relationships between populations followed most published reports, or can now help resolve previously conflicting reports. Gene flow into maize from different teosinte groups, and gene flow between different teosintes, was estimated. Evidence for contributions from the Balsas teosintes and from Chalco teosintes (Z. mays ssp. mexicana) to the maize gene pool was found, as well as from Chalco into ssp. mexicana race ??Durango?? and Z. mays ssp. huehuetenengensis. These contributions are almost certainly the result of post-domestication (and ongoing) exchanges. This information must give more impetus to in situ conservation of teosinte species, and use of these teosintes to continue to direct the evolution of maize, especially in response to new diseases, insect pests, and other biotic and abiotic stresses.  相似文献   

Fungal communities in bulk soil and stone compartments of different forest and soil types as revealed by a barcoding ITS rDNA and a functional laccase encoding gene marker     

Sabina Christ  Tesfaye Wubet  Susanne Theuerl  François Buscot 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(6):1292-1299

The soil fungal diversity and community partitioning between the bulk soil and stone compartments was investigated using PCR based approaches targeting the barcoding internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA and the laccase encoding functional gene as genetic markers. Soil samples were collected from the B-horizon of spruce and beech forests at the Hainich Biodiversity Exploratory, central Germany. The targeted markers were amplified from the respective DNA extracts using general fungal primers and basidiomycete laccase gene specific primers, cloned and sequenced. Differences in the fungal community composition between the two forest types and the soil compartments were indicated by both markers. When the effects of ecological factors were considered, the two markers produced different patterns of results. The ITS rDNA marker revealed communities principally influenced by forest type, while those detected with the functional marker were mainly affected by soil pH. The fungal communities detected by the functional marker in particular, differed significantly between soils and stones, indicating that laccase-producing fungi are specifically adapted to degrade organic matter in soils rather than weathering of stones. The study underlines the fact that coherent and complementary results may be obtained with both genetic markers used.  相似文献   

Genome-wide association study for insect bite hypersensitivity susceptibility in horses revealed novel associated loci on chromosome 1     

Merina Shrestha  Marina Solé  Bart J. Ducro  Marie Sundquist  Ruth Thomas  Anouk Schurink  Susanne Eriksson  Gabriella Lindgren 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2020,137(2):223-233

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Untersuchungen über Beziehungen zwischen der Verteilung mineralischer P-Fraktionen und dem Bodentyp     

Susanne Markert  Peter Kundler 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(7):645-656

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