The effects of soil and air temperature on CO2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch seedlings     

Pumpanen J  Heinonsalo J  Rasilo T  Villemot J  Ilvesniemi H 《Tree physiology》2012,32(6):724-736

Soil temperature is proposed to affect the photosynthetic rate and carbon allocation in boreal trees through sink limitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on CO(2) exchange, biomass partitioning and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi of boreal tree species. We measured carbon allocation, above- and below-ground CO(2) exchange and the species composition of associated ECM fungi in the rhizosphere of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies K.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings grown in soil maintained at 7-12, 12-15 and 16-22 °C. We found increased root biomass and photosynthetic rate at higher soil temperatures, but simultaneously with photosynthesis rate, higher temperature generally increased soil respiration as well as shoot, and root and rhizosphere respiration. The net CO(2) exchange and seedling biomass did not increase significantly with increasing temperature due to a concomitant increase in carbon assimilation and respiration rates. The 2-month-long growth period in different soil temperatures did not alter the ECM fungi species composition and the below-ground carbon sink strength did not seem to be directly related to ECM biomass and species composition in any of the tree species. Ectomycorrhizal species composition and number of mycorrhiza did not explain the CO(2) exchange results at different temperatures.  相似文献   

Efficiency of a novel biodegradable pyrolysis liquid-amended mulch in weed control     

Marleena Maaria Hagner  Terho Hyvönen  Juha Mikola  Riitta Kemppainen  Bengt Lindqvist  Terhi Suojala-Ahlfors  Kari Tiilikkala 《Weed Research》2020,60(3):182-193

Agrochemicals and plastics represent a burden on natural ecosystems and there is an urgent need to introduce alternative plant protection measures that have fewer negative impacts on the environment. Replacement of plastic mulches and synthetic pesticides with their biodegradable alternatives offers a way to decrease chemical residues. Pyrolysis liquids (PL) have been suggested as easily degradable and residue-free herbicides for agriculture. We tested the efficiency of PL (1%–10% of volume) containing peat mulch (PLM) in weed control under glasshouse and field conditions. We also estimated the length of the withdrawal period needed between PLM spreading and sowing/planting for crops and examined the light permeability and effects of PLM on soil temperature. In the glasshouse, the mulch amended with 5%–10% PL inhibited weed germination entirely. In the agricultural field, the number of weeds remained 44%–60% lower under PLM than under the control mulch. In a study performed in a city park, weed cover around the base of trees remained 64%–85% lower under PLM than without a mulch. However, a 7–21 d withdrawal period, depending on crop plant species, is needed to avoid injuring the crops. PLM inhibited sunlight effectively and the effects on soil heat sum across the growing season remained small. The weed-inhibiting effect of PLM is probably a result of both the PL compounds and the solid cover, formed by the sticky PL and peat fibres, which acts as a mechanical barrier. We conclude that the PLM is a promising alternative to plastic mulches.  相似文献   

The efficacy of bovine lactoferrin in the treatment of cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis     

Kutila T  Suojala L  Lehtolainen T  Saloniemi H  Kaartinen L  Tähti M  Seppälä K  Pyörälä S 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2004,27(4):197-202

The effect of bovine lactoferrin (Lf) was studied in experimental Escherichia coli mastitis, using enrofloxacin as a comparator. Mastitis was induced in six clinically healthy primiparous dairy cows by infusing 1500 colony-forming units of E. coli into a single udder quarter. The challenge was repeated into a contralateral quarter of the same cows 3 weeks later. At the first challenge, three cows were treated with 1.5 g of bovine lactoferrin intramammarily three times (12, 20 and 36 h postchallenge, PC), and the other three cows received 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin (Baytril) parenterally (12, 36 and 60 h PC). Flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) was administered to all cows twice at 24-h intervals. During the second challenge, the treatments for the two groups were reversed. Intramammary challenge with E. coli produced clinical mastitis in all cows, but the severity of the disease varied markedly. No statistically significant differences between treatment groups were observed in clinical signs such as rectal temperature, rumen motility and general attitude. Milk somatic cell count, daily milk yield and bacterial counts in cows treated with Lf and those receiving enrofloxacin also did not differ significantly. However, a trend for a more rapid elimination of bacteria was seen in the cows treated with enrofloxacin. Milk NAGase activity also decreased significantly faster in the group treated with enrofloxacin. The concentration of lipopolysaccharide in milk compared with the number of bacteria was significantly lower in Lf than in enrofloxacin-treated cows (20 h PC).  相似文献   

Comparison of Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Markers typing and IS1245 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism fingerprinting of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis from human and porcine origins     

Taneli Tirkkonen  Jaakko Pakarinen  Elina Rintala  Terhi Ali-Vehmas  Harri Marttila  Olli AT Peltoniemi  Johanna M?kinen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):21

Background

Animal mycobacterioses are regarded as a potential zoonotic risk and cause economical losses world wide. M. avium subsp. hominissuis is a slow-growing subspecies found in mycobacterial infected humans and pigs and therefore rapid and discriminatory typing methods are needed for epidemiological studies. The genetic similarity of M. avium subsp. hominissuis from human and porcine origins using two different typing methods have not been studied earlier. The objective of this study was to compare the IS1245 RFLP pattern and MIRU-VNTR typing to study the genetic relatedness of M. avium strains isolated from slaughter pigs and humans in Finland with regard to public health aspects.

Methods

A novel PCR-based genotyping method, variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing of eight mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs), was evaluated for its ability to characterize Finnish Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis strains isolated from pigs (n = 16) and humans (n = 13) and the results were compared with those obtained by the conventional IS1245 RFLP method.

Results

The MIRU-VNTR results showed a discriminatory index (DI) of 0,92 and the IS1245 RFLP resulted in DI 0,98. The combined DI for both methods was 0,98. The MIRU-VNTR test has the advantages of being simple, reproducible, non-subjective, which makes it suitable for large-scale screening of M. avium strains.

Conclusions

Both typing methods demonstrated a high degree of similarity between the strains of human and porcine origin. The parallel application of the methods adds epidemiological value to the comparison of the strains and their origins. The present approach and results support the hypothesis that there is a common source of M. avium subsp. hominissuis infection for pigs and humans or alternatively one species may be the infective source to the other.  相似文献   

Direct activation of gelatinase B (MMP-9) by hay dust suspension and different components of organic dust     

Simonen-Jokinen T  Maisi P  Tervahartiala T  McGorum B  Pirie S  Sorsa T 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,109(3-4):289-295

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in tissue destruction in allergic airway diseases. We studied the ability of various allergenic substances to directly activate recombinant 92kDa proMMP-9. The substances included hay dust suspension (HDS) and its components (supernatant, particulate matter and wash fluid of particulate matter), storage mite extract and two Aspergillus fumigatus extracts. The allergen suspensions were incubated in vitro with proMMP-9. After incubation the conversion of proMMP-9 to 10kDa lower active forms were studied using gelatin zymography and Western immunoblot quantified by computerized densitometry. All studied allergens except HDS significantly and efficiently activated proMMP-9 as compared to a negative control. At the concentrations employed, the most potent activators were A. fumigatus extracts and mite suspension. The greater potency of mite and fungi as proMMP-9 activators suggests that these allergens may be more damaging to airways even at low concentrations.  相似文献   

Acute phase response in two consecutive experimentally induced E. coli intramammary infections in dairy cows     

Leena Suojala  Toomas Orro  Hanna J?rvinen  Johanna Saatsi  Satu Py?r?l? 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2008,50(1):18

Background

Acute phase proteins haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) have suggested to be suitable inflammatory markers for bovine mastitis. The aim of the study was to investigate acute phase markers along with clinical parameters in two consecutive intramammary challenges with Escherichia coli and to evaluate the possible carry-over effect when same animals are used in an experimental model.

Methods

Mastitis was induced with a dose of 1500 cfu of E. coli in one quarter of six cows and inoculation repeated in another quarter after an interval of 14 days. Concentrations of acute phase proteins haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) were determined in serum and milk.

Results

In both challenges all cows became infected and developed clinical mastitis within 12 hours of inoculation. Clinical disease and acute phase response was generally milder in the second challenge. Concentrations of SAA in milk started to increase 12 hours after inoculation and peaked at 60 hours after the first challenge and at 44 hours after the second challenge. Concentrations of SAA in serum increased more slowly and peaked at the same times as in milk; concentrations in serum were about one third of those in milk. Hp started to increase in milk similarly and peaked at 36–44 hours. In serum, the concentration of Hp peaked at 60–68 hours and was twice as high as in milk. LBP concentrations in milk and serum started to increase after 12 hours and peaked at 36 hours, being higher in milk. The concentrations of acute phase proteins in serum and milk in the E. coli infection model were much higher than those recorded in experiments using Gram-positive pathogens, indicating the severe inflammation induced by E. coli.

Conclusion

Acute phase proteins would be useful parameters as mastitis indicators and to assess the severity of mastitis. If repeated experimental intramammary induction of the same animals with E. coli is used in cross-over studies, the interval between challenges should be longer than 2 weeks, due to the carry-over effect from the first infection.  相似文献   

Compositional and quality changes in white cabbage during harvest period and storage     

Terhi Suojala 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(6):821-827

Summary

The quality of vegetables changes during their maturation in the field and under postharvest conditions. The aim of this study was to characterize the compositional and quality changes in white cabbage during harvest period and storage. Firmness, dry-matter content and soluble sugar concentrations were measured at 3–4 harvest dates and during long-term cold storage in cabbages from two growing sites in two years. The harvest period was characterized by dry matter and sugar accumulation and increasing firmness, resulting in better quality towards the end of harvest period. The changes were mostly opposite to these during the postharvest period. However, the quality did not seriously deteriorate during 6–7 months’ storage under good conditions. Changes in carbohydrate composition at the end of the storage, especially the accumulation of sucrose in the core, probably reflect preparation for new growth.  相似文献   

Treatment for bovine Escherichia coli mastitis – an evidence‐based approach     

L. Suojala  L. Kaartinen  S. Pyörälä 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2013,36(6):521-531

Bovine mastitis caused by Escherichia coli can range from being a subclinical infection of the mammary gland to a severe systemic disease. Cow‐dependent factors such as lactation stage and age affect the severity of coliform mastitis. Evidence for the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment for E. coli mastitis is very limited. Antimicrobial resistance is generally not a limiting factor for treatment, but it should be monitored to detect changes in resistance profiles. The only antimicrobials for which there is some scientific evidence of beneficial effects in the treatment for E. coli mastitis are fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. Both are critically important drugs, the use of which in animals destined for food should be limited to specific indications and should be based on bacteriological diagnosis. The suggested routine protocol in dairy herds could target the primary antimicrobial treatment for mastitis, specifically infections caused by gram‐positive bacteria. In E. coli mastitis with mild to moderate clinical signs, a non‐antimicrobial approach (anti‐inflammatory treatment, frequent milking and fluid therapy) should be the first option. In cases of severe E. coli mastitis, parenteral administration of fluoroquinolones, or third‐ or fourth‐generation cephalosporins, is recommended due to the risk of unlimited growth of bacteria in the mammary gland and ensuing bacteremia. Evidence for the efficacy of intramammary‐administered antimicrobial treatment for E. coli mastitis is so limited that it cannot be recommended. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs have documented the efficacy in the treatment for E. coli mastitis and are recommended for supportive treatment for clinical mastitis.  相似文献   

Quantification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies in pig tissues by real-time quantitative PCR     

Taneli Tirkkonen  Timo Nieminen  Terhi Ali-Vehmas  Olli AT Peltoniemi  Gerard J Wellenberg  Jaakko Pakarinen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2013,55(1):26

Background

Mycobacterioses in animals cause economical losses and certain Mycobacterium avium subspecies are regarded as potential zoonotic agents. The evaluation of the zoonotic risk caused by M. avium subspecies requires information about the quantities of Mycobacterium strains in infected animals. Because M. avium subspecies in pig tissues are difficult or even impossible to quantify by culturing, we tested the suitability of a culture-independent real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for this purpose.

Methods

Mycobacterial DNA was extracted from porcine tissues by a novel method and quantified by Mycobacterium genus specific qPCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene.

Results

The response of the qPCR assay to the amount of M. avium subspecies avium mixed with porcine liver was linear in the range of approximately log10⁵ to log10⁷Mycobacterium cells per 1 g of liver. The assay was validated with three other M. avium subspecies strains. When the assay was applied to porcine lymph nodes with or without visible lesions related to Mycobacterium avium subspecies infections, around 10⁴–10⁷ mycobacterial genomes per gram of lymph nodes were detected.

Conclusions

The qPCR assay was found to be suitable for the quantification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies in porcine lymph nodes and liver.  相似文献   

Access to green areas and the frequency of visits – A case study in Helsinki     

Marjo Neuvonen  Tuija Sievnen  Susan Tnnes  Terhi Koskela 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2007,6(4):235-247

Environmental considerations concerning physical activity and health relate to accessibility, and this accessibility is directly influenced by how recreation areas and facilities are provided and managed. This study aims to provide some evidence to support the general argument that a good supply of recreation opportunities encourages people's participation in outdoor recreation. The study's data are compiled from an outdoor recreation survey of Finnish 15- to 74-year olds, conducted between 1998 and 2000, which focused on the recreational behaviour of people living in Helsinki (n=367), and their visits to close-to-home outdoor recreation areas. Almost all (97%) of the Helsinki residents surveyed participated in outdoor recreation during the year. Half of them embarked on a recreational outing daily or every other day. The most typical close-to-home activity was walking for pleasure or fitness. Other popular activities were cycling, jogging, dog walking and outings with children. Physical or fitness activities represented about 90% of all close-to-home outings. Those who lived in the suburbs of Helsinki participated in close-to-home recreation significantly more often than those living in the city centre, and had done so more recently in terms of when the survey was conducted. The amount of green areas in the vicinity of the participant's residence and the short distance to green areas suitable for recreational use increased the number of close-to-home outings among Helsinki residents. This supports the argument that a good provision of opportunities promotes an active lifestyle. Thus, recreation areas and facilities should be located close to residential areas, and provide safe, comfortable and year-round access for daily outings.  相似文献