Allelic Size Standards and Reference Genotypes to Unify International Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Microsatellite Data     

N. C. Cryer  M. G. E. Fenn  C. J. Turnbull  M. J. Wilkinson 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(8):1643-1652

Standardisation of microsatellite allele profiles between laboratories is of fundamental importance to the transferability of genetic fingerprint data and the identification of clonal individuals held at multiple sites. Here we describe two methods of standardisation applied to the microsatellite fingerprinting of 429 Theobroma cacao L. trees representing 345 accessions held in the worlds largest Cocoa Intermediate Quarantine facility: the use of a partial allelic ladder through the production of 46 cloned and sequenced allelic standards (AJ748464 to AJ48509), and the use of standard genotypes selected to display a diverse allelic range. Until now a lack of accurate and transferable identification information has impeded efforts to genetically improve the cocoa crop. To address this need, a global initiative to fingerprint all international cocoa germplasm collections using a common set of 15 microsatellite markers is in progress. Data reported here have been deposited with the International Cocoa Germplasm Database and form the basis of a searchable resource for clonal identification. To our knowledge, this is the first quarantine facility to be completely genotyped using microsatellite markers for the purpose of quality control and clonal identification. Implications of the results for retrospective tracking of labelling errors are briefly explored.  相似文献   

Addition of sorptive mineral phases to soils decreases short-term organic matter decomposition by reducing microbial access to substrates     

Jonathan Nuñez  Gabriel Y. K. Moinet  Scott L. Graham  Matthew H. Turnbull  Gwen-Aëlle Grelet  David Whitehead 《European Journal of Soil Science》2022,73(1):e13176

  相似文献   

Moving beyond landscape resistance: considerations for the future of connectivity modelling and conservation science     

Unnithan Kumar  Siddharth  Turnbull  Jonathon  Hartman Davies  Oscar  Hodgetts  Timothy  Cushman  Samuel Alan 《Landscape Ecology》2022,37(10):2465-2480

Landscape Ecology - Landscape connectivity, the extent to which a landscape facilitates the flow of ecological processes such as organism movement, has emerged as a central focus of landscape...  相似文献   

Achieving consensus on current and future priorities for farmed fish welfare: a case study from the UK     

I. K. Berrill  T. Cooper  C. M. MacIntyre  T. Ellis  T. G. Knowles  E. K. M. Jones  J. F. Turnbull 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2012,38(1):219-229

The welfare of farmed fish has attracted attention in recent years, which has resulted in notable changes within the aquaculture industry. However, a lack of communication between stakeholders and opposing ethical views are perceived as barriers to achieving consensus on how to improve farmed fish welfare. To address these issues, we developed an interactive approach that could be used during stakeholder meetings to (1) improve communication between different stakeholder groups, (2) build consensus on priorities for farmed fish welfare and (3) establish mechanisms to address welfare priorities. We then applied this approach during a meeting of stakeholders to identify current and future priorities for farmed fish welfare in the UK. During the meeting in the UK, stakeholders initially identified 32 areas that they felt were in need of development for future improvements in farmed fish welfare. These were further refined via peer review and discussion to the seven most important “priority” areas. Establishing a “better understanding of what good fish welfare is” emerged as the highest priority area for farmed fish welfare. The second highest priority area was “the need for welfare monitoring and documentation systems”, with mortality recording proposed as an example. The other five priority areas were “[improved understanding of] the role of genetic selection in producing fish suited to the farming environment”, “a need for integration and application of behavioural and physiological measures”, “the need for a more liberal regime in Europe for introducing new medicines”, “a need to address the issues of training existing and new workers within the industry”, and “ensuring best practise in aquaculture is followed by individual businesses”. Feedback from attendees, and the meeting outputs, indicated that the approach had been successful in improving communication between stakeholders and in achieving consensus on the priorities for farmed fish welfare. The approach therefore proved highly beneficial for future improvements in fish welfare in the UK.  相似文献   

Sapwood temperature gradients between lower stems and the crown do not influence estimates of stand-level stem CO(2) efflux     

Bowman WP  Turnbull MH  Tissue DT  Whitehead D  Griffin KL 《Tree physiology》2008,28(10):1553-1559

Temperature plays a critical role in the regulation of respiration rates and is often used to scale measurements of respiration to the stand-level and calculate annual respiratory fluxes. Previous studies have indicated that failure to consider temperature gradients between sun-exposed stems and branches in the crown and shaded lower stems may result in errors when deriving stand-level estimates of stem CO(2) efflux. We measured vertical gradients in sapwood temperature in a mature lowland podocarp rain forest in New Zealand to: (1) estimate the effects of within-stem temperature variation on the vertical distribution of stem CO(2) efflux; and (2) use these findings to estimate stand-level stem CO(2) efflux for this forest. Large within-stem gradients in sapwood temperature (1.6 +/- 0.1 to 6.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C) were observed. However, these gradients did not significantly influence the stand-level estimate of stem CO(2) efflux in this forest (536 +/- 42 mol CO(2) ha(-1) day(-1)) or the vertical distribution of stem CO(2) efflux, because of the opposing effects of daytime warming and nighttime cooling on CO(2) efflux in the canopy, and the small fraction of the woody biomass in the crowns of forest trees. Our findings suggest that detailed measurements of within-stand temperature gradients are unlikely to greatly improve the accuracy of tree- or stand-level estimates of stem CO(2) efflux.  相似文献   

Virulence and inoculum density‐dependent interactions between clubroot resistant canola (Brassica napus) and Plasmodiophora brassicae          下载免费PDF全文

S. F. Hwang  S. E. Strelkov  H. U. Ahmed  V. P. Manolii  Q. Zhou  H. Fu  G. Turnbull  R. Fredua‐Agyeman  D. Feindel 《Plant pathology》2017,66(8):1318-1328

To mitigate the impact and dissemination of clubroot in western Canada, canola (Brassica napus) producers have relied on clubroot resistance traits. However, in 2013 and 2014, new strains of the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, emerged that are virulent on most clubroot‐resistant (CR) canola genotypes. Novel strains of the pathogen were inoculated onto two susceptible canola cultivars, one resistant line and six CR cultivars. Although all cultivars/lines showed a susceptible response to inoculation with the new strains of P. brassicae, the severity of disease reaction, root hair infection rates and the amount of P. brassicae DNA present in each canola genotype varied depending on the strain. In addition, the effect of inoculum density on disease severity and gall formation was recorded for one of these new strains on a universally susceptible Chinese cabbage cultivar and one susceptible and 10 resistant canola genotypes. Although root galls were observed at an inoculum density of 10³ spores per mL of soil, clear differentiation of susceptible and resistant reactions among canola cultivars/lines was not observed until the inoculum density reached 10⁵ spores mL^?1. At a spore density of 10⁶ spores mL^?1 and above, all cultivars/lines developed susceptible reactions, although there was some differentiation in the degree of reaction. This study shows the potential to develop a unique disease profile for emergent clubroot pathotypes and shows a useful range of spore densities at which to study new P. brassicae strains.  相似文献   

Comparative imaging of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) for the evaluation of swimbladder nematode (Anguillicoloides crassus) infestation          下载免费PDF全文

K Frisch  A Davie  T Schwarz  JF Turnbull 《Journal of fish diseases》2016,39(6):635-647

This study compares diagnostic imaging tools in detecting the parasitic swimbladder nematode Anguillicoloides crassus in Anguilla anguilla (L.) and focuses on ultrasound in an attempt to develop a non‐destructive, field diagnostic test. Ultrasound use could allow the parasite to be diagnosed without decreasing the number of critically endangered European eels through post‐mortem. In the preliminary study, eels were examined with computed radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, 14 MHz high‐end ultrasound and 5 MHz low‐end portable ultrasound, and the results were compared with post‐mortem findings. This ultrasound scanning technique did not produce any promising results. A second batch of eels was examined using the same high‐end and low‐end ultrasounds, but employing a different scanning technique and comparing the results with post‐mortem. This second study, scanning along the midline from below, allowed for the detection of anomalies associated with moderately infected animals. None of the eels used in this study were severely infected; thus, no conclusions can be made regarding the use of ultrasound in those animals. Overall, it was found that none of the techniques were useful in diagnosing mildly infected individuals; therefore, no single diagnostic imaging tool is sensitive enough to replace post‐mortem for definite diagnosis.  相似文献   

‘Influence of chlorine substituents on biological activity of chemicals’: a comment     

Michael D Turnbull 《Pest management science》2000,56(1):22-23

  相似文献   

Evaporatranspiration and growth of two contrasting species of eucalypts under non-limiting and limiting water availability     

J.L. Honeysett  C.L. Beadle  C.R.A. Turnbull 《Forest Ecology and Management》1992,50(3-4):203-216

Changes in root zone water storage between 0 and 1 m depth were monitored at 14-day intervals under contrasting canopies ofEucalyptus nitens (a gum) andEucalyptus delegatensis (an ash) during their fourth and fifth years of growth and periods of non-limiting and limiting water availability, respectively. The leaf area index of the gum remained approximately double that of the ash throughout this time. Stem volume growth differed by factors of 1.8 and 2.0 betweenE. nitens andE. delegatensis while total water use differed by factors of 1.1 and 0.9 in two periods, respectively. A cumulative plot of volume growth as a function of total evapotranspiration suggested that stem volume growth ofE. nitens was less sensitive to severe water stress than that ofE. delegatensis.  相似文献   

AN ABATTOIR SURVEY OF BULL GENITALIA     

P  A. Turnbull  B. Vet. Med.M.R.C.V.S. 《Australian veterinary journal》1977,53(6):274-279

SUMMARY This paper describes a survey of 504 bull genitalia collected after slaughter at 3 Western Australian abattoirs over 18 months. Details of the gross pathology, histopathology, and microbiology of the genitalia, and physical dimensions of the testicles are presented. The major breeds represented were Hereford (30%), Shorthorn (16%), Friesian (14.3%), and Aberdeen Angus (13.9%). The mean age of 263 bulls (52.6%) was 4.4 years. The mean length and breadth of 469 paired testicles was 10.8 cm and 6.9 cm respectively.  相似文献