Association of a novel Pinus monticola chitinase gene (PmCh4B) with quantitative resistance to Cronartium ribicola     

Liu JJ  Sniezko RA  Ekramoddoullah AK 《Phytopathology》2011,101(8):904-911

Multiple families of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are believed to contribute to plant quantitative resistance to various pathogens. Along with other host PR proteins, PR3 chitinase is one protein component participating in genetic resistance of western white pine (Pinus monticola) to the white pine blister rust (WPBR) pathogen (Cronartium ribicola). In the present study, we characterized a novel P. monticola class IV chitinase gene (PmCh4B) and further analyzed its nucleotide variations in the open-pollinated seed families of diverse geographical distribution and variable levels of quantitative resistance to C. ribicola infection. PmCh4B showed high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.94) and nucleotide diversity (π=0.00965), similar to those of other conifer genes related to environmental stresses. A low level of intragenic linkage disequilibrium (LD) (but most of the levels with statistical significance) was found within a distance of ≈800 bp. Based on PmCh4B haplotype frequency, moderate to high levels of population structure were observed among P. monticola seed families currently used in breeding programs for WPBR resistance (average FST=0.163, P<0.001). Association analysis revealed that allelic variants and multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of PmCh4B were significantly associated with quantitative levels of P. monticola resistance against C. ribicola. This work represents the first association study for quantitative resistance in western white pine pathosystem and provides a potential for marker-assisted selection in white pine breeding.  相似文献   

Effect of posttransportation grazing on the physiological condition and meat quality traits of Black Bengal goats     

Md. Salahuddin  Md. Abul Kalam Azad  Shonkor Kumar Das  Mohammad Mujaffar Hossain  Md. Nazmul Hasan  Kohzy Hiramatsu 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(2):264-270

This study was designed to reveal the role of posttransportation grazing on the physiological condition and meat quality traits of Black Bengal goats. Twenty‐four castrated male Black Bengal goats were divided into a control (untransported) group and three treated groups: Walking and Transportation with Human Interference group (WTHI) (30 min walking before 6 hr transport and then 30 min walking with human interference), posttransportation grazing for 48 hr (PTG1), and posttransportation grazing for 72 hr (PTG2). The WTHI and PTG1 groups had a significant reduction in their blood concentrations of tri‐iodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄), and a significantly higher neutrophil and lymphocyte (N:L) ratio compared with those of the control group. Blood concentrations of T₃ and T₄ and the N:L ratio of PTG2 returned to the control level after 72 hr of grazing. The final pH and water‐holding capacity values of meat were significantly higher in the WTHI group than in the control group, but those in the PTG2 group returned to the control level after 72 hr of grazing. These results demonstrate that posttransportation grazing for 72 hr is effective for recovering from damage induced by transportation stress.  相似文献   

Mineralization and changes in microbial biomass in water-saturated soil amended with some tropical plant residues     

Abul Kalam Mohammad Azmal  Takuya Marumoto  Hamo Shindo  Masaya Nishiyama 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):483-492

An incubation experiment was conducted in the laboratory at 25 and 35°C during 56 d to analyze the mineralization patterns and the changes in microbial biomass in water-saturated soils amended with 6 types of organic materials (O.M.) including residues from 4 tropical plants. C and N mineralization in amended and non-amended soils was influenced by the temperature, A significantly positive correlation was observed between C mineralization and the amount of hexoses of the amended O.M. regardless of the period of incubation. A negative relationship between the N mineralized from amended O.M. and C/N ratios and the amounts of cellulose plus hemicellulose of the added O.M. was observed during the period of maximum mineralization on the 49th day at 25°C. The critical C/N ratio value for N mineralization and immobilization was observed in dhaincha (15.7) and cowpea (22.0).

The pattern of changes in microbial biomass C and N was almost similar at both 25 and 35°C. The amount of biomass C and N gradually increased up to a period of 28 to 42 d and thereafter decreased gradually. A significant increase in the amount of biomass C and N was observed in O.M. amended soils over the control. The contribution of rice straw and cowpea to biomass C formation was significantly larger than that of other O.M. at the end of incubation (56 d). In the case of biomass N, the contribution of rice straw was significantly larger than that of other O.M. except for azolla at 25°C and cowpea at 35°C. The significant contribution of rice straw and cowpea to biomass formation suggests that microbial biomass remaining in soil on the 56th day had been influenced by the combination of a larger amount of cellulose plus hemicellulose and higher C/N ratio in plant residues.  相似文献   

Effect of forest and soil type on microbial biomass carbon and respiration     

Hashem Habashi 《Eurasian Soil Science》2016,49(9):1084-1089

The aim of study was to evaluate the variation of soil microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and microbial respiration (M_R) in three types soil (Chromic Cambisols, Chromic Luvisols and Eutric Leptosols) of mixed beech forest (Beech- Hornbeam and Beech- Maple). Soil was randomly sampled from 0–10 cm layer (plant litter removed), 90 soil samples were taken. C_mic determined by the fumigation-extraction method and M_R by closed bottle method. Soil C_org, N_tot and pH were measured. There are significant differences between the soil types concerning the C_mic content and M_R. These parameters were highest in Chromic Cambisols following Chromic Luvisols, while the lowest were in Eutric Leptosols. A similar trend of C_org and N_tot was observed in studied soils. Two-way ANOVA indicated that soil type and forest type have significantly effect on the most soil characteristics. Chromic Cambisols shows a productive soil due to have the maximum C_mic, M_R, C_org and N_tot. In Cambisols under Beech- Maple forest the C_mic value and soil C/N ratio were higher compared to Beech-Hornbeam (19.5 and 4.1 mg C g^–1, and 16.3 and 3.3, respectively). This fact might be indicated that Maple litter had more easy decomposable organic compounds than Hornbeam. According to regression analysis, 89 and 68 percentage of C_mic variability could explain by soil C_org and N_tot respectively.  相似文献   

Effect of alcohols on the stability of iprodione in solution     

Anisuzzaman AK  Storehalder T  Williams DC  Ogg N  Kilbourne TD  Johnsamuel J  Cottrell CE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(2):502-506

Both primary and secondary alcohols degrade iprodione, 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(1-methylethyl)-2,4-dioxo-1-imidazolidine carboxamide. Steric hindrance has been found to have an inverse effect on the rate of its decomposition, and a fully substituted alcohol, such as tert-butanol, does not degrade iprodione due to extreme steric hindrance. The instability of iprodione in alcohol was found to be a function of the structure of the alcohol. The product, N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1-methylethyl)-2,4-dioxo-1-imidazolidine carboxamide, is obtained from all of the reacting alcohols. Confirmation of this structure came from the consideration of its NMR, mass spectral, and elemental analysis data.  相似文献   

Cadmium Phytoextraction Efficiency of Arum (Colocasia antiquorum), Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) Grown in Hydroponics     

Md. Abul Kashem  Bal Ram Singh  S M Imamul Huq  Shigenao Kawai 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2008,192(1-4):273-279

Selection of a phytoextraction plant with high Cd accumulation potential based on compatibility with mechanized cultivation practice and local environmental conditions may provide more benefits than selection based mainly on high Cd tolerance plants. In this hydroponics study, the potential of Cd accumulation by three plant species; arum (Colocasia antiquorum), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) were investigated. Arum (Colocasia antiquorum L.) plants were grown for 60 days in a nutrient solution with 0, 10 or 50 μM Cd, while radish and water spinach plants grew only 12 days in 0, 1.5, 2.5, 5 or 10 μM Cd. Growth of radish and water spinach plants decreased under all Cd treatments (1.5 to 10 μM), while arum growth decreased only at 50 μM Cd. At 10 μM Cd treatment, the growth of arum was similar to the control treatment indicating higher tolerance of arum for Cd than radish and water spinach. Cadmium concentrations in different plant parts of all plant species increased significantly with Cd application in the nutrient solution. Arum and water spinach retained greater proportions of Cd in their roots, while in radish, Cd concentration in leaves was higher than in other plant parts. Cadmium concentrations in arum increased from 158 to 1,060 in the dead leaves, 37 to 280 in the normal leaves, 108 to 715 in the stems, 42 to 290 in the bulbs and 1,195 to 3,840 mg kg^?1 in the roots, when the Cd level in the solution was raised from 10 μM Cd to 50 μM Cd. Arum accumulated (dry weight?×?concentration) 25 mg plant^?1 at 10 μM, while the corresponding values for radish and water spinach were 0.23 and 0.44 mg plant^?1, respectively. With no growth retardation at Cd concentrations as high as 166 mg kg^?1 measured in entire plant (including root) of arum at 10 μM Cd in the nutrient solution, arum could be a potential Cd accumulator plant species and could be used for phytoremediation.  相似文献   

基于分数阶微分的春小麦叶绿素含量高光谱估算     

茹克亚·萨吾提  阿不都艾尼·阿不里  尼加提·卡斯木  李虎  吾木提·艾山江  亚森江·喀哈尔  李晓航 《麦类作物学报》2019,(6):738-746

为提高农作物叶片叶绿素含量高光谱估算的准确度,以阜康农作物试验地为研究靶区,测定了165个采样点的春小麦叶片叶绿素含量和叶片光谱反射率,运用分数阶微分算法进行光谱预处理,最后运用偏最小二乘法(PLSR)建立叶绿素含量估算模型。结果表明,对数学变换■、lg~R、1/lg~R、1/R)的光谱及原始光谱(R)的数据进行0～2阶分数阶微分预处理时,通过0.01水平显著性检验的波段数量明显增加,且光谱数据经4种数学变换后均在1.2阶微分与小麦叶绿素含量有较高的相关性。1.2阶微分处理后,对叶绿素含量的敏感波段数量表现为■。利用对数变换和1.2阶微分计算的植被指数(NDVI、DVI、RVI、MSR_(705)、MSR_(670,800)、CI)建立的PLSR模型的估算精度最优,其预测的相对误差、决定系数和平方根差分别为2.17、0.87和0.243mg·g~(-1),可作为小麦叶片叶绿素含量的最佳估算模型,也说明对光谱数据进行数学转换和分数阶微分处理可显著提高春小麦叶绿素含量的估算精度。  相似文献   

Effect of initial water content on saturated hydraulic conductivity in desalinization with slaking and drying     

Abul Hasnat Md. Shamim  Takeo Akae 《Paddy and Water Environment》2011,9(2):221-228

Soil slaking is an environment-friendly technique that is gaining importance in restoring saline soils. The objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of initial water content (IWC) on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s) in desalinization with slaking and drying. Accordingly, a slaking test was carried out during February, 2009 for evaluating the effects of slaking and drying on K _s, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) under various IWC. We prepared natural and air-dried soils of paddy field in Kojima Bay Polder, Japan to give different pre-drying, air-dried, and not dried (natural). The air-dried soils were resaturated. Each soil was well mixed, then dried to different initial moisture contents (60, 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10% by weight). The specimens were immersed into water in the pot for 24 h. The K _s was measured, and cations in slaked and unslaked soils were analyzed. The K _s was high under the water content below 30% in both the natural and the air-dried soils. But the effects were more pronounced in the natural soil. The air-dried soil showed far smaller K _s than the natural soil. In outer solution, the highest SAR was noted at 30% in the natural and 30 and 20% in the air-dried soils. Significant decrease in ESP of the soils (slaked + unslaked) was also observed at the same water content. Lower water content was more effective in decreasing the soil ESP after desalinization from saline soil. The natural soil showed lower ESP and higher porosity, which was considered as a reason for higher K _s of natural soil than that of air-dried soils. The results indicated that lower water content (10–30%) had no hazardous effect on K _s by slaking and drying of soil.  相似文献   

Efficacy of essential oils in the control of cumin root rot disease caused by Fusarium spp.     

M. Hashem  A.M. Moharam  A.A. Zaied  F.E.M. Saleh 《Crop Protection》2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of some natural safe essential oils in control of cumin root rot disease to reduce the pollution of environment as a result of wide distribution of synthetic chemicals which are employed as fungicides.  相似文献   

Influence of stocking density and temperature on early development and survival of the purple sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857)     

Abul Kalam Azad  Christopher M Pearce  Robert Scott McKinley 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(11):1577-1591

We evaluated the effect of four densities (940, 1880, 3760, 7520 eggs cm^?2 and 0.5, 1, 2, 4 ind mL^?1 of embryos and larvae, respectively) and four temperatures (8, 11, 14, 17°C) on early growth and survival of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Prism‐stage length was significantly greater in embryos initially held at 940 and 1880 eggs cm^?2 than in those held at 3760 and 7520 eggs cm^?2. Larvae grew significantly faster and had significantly greater survival when reared at 0.5 or 1 ind mL^?1 than when held at 2 or 4 ind mL^?1. Embryos had greater survival at 11 and 14°C than at 8 and 17°C, whereas embryo length was significantly smaller at 8°C than at 11, 14 or 17°C. Larvae grew significantly slower at 8°C than at 11, 14 or 17°C, whereas survival was significantly reduced at 8 and 17°C compared with 11 and 14°C. Per cent survival from prism to metamorphic competency in the best treatments was 48.9 ± 2.2% and 50.0 ± 3.6% (mean ± SE) for the 1 ind mL^?1 and 11°C treatments, respectively. On the basis of these results, for rearing of S. purpuratus under static conditions, we recommend that fertilized eggs and larvae be held at ≤1880 eggs cm^?2 and ≤1 ind mL^?1, respectively, and at 11–14°C.  相似文献