Two Successive Necrotic Lesions Secondary to Presumed Loxosceles Envenomation     

David B. Tarullo  Ryan C. Jacobsen  D. Adam Algren 《The Forestry Chronicle》2013,24(2):132-135

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The toxicity of Cassia senna to Nubian goats     

Nahid Y. El Sayed  Ekhlas M. Abdelbari  O. M. Mahmoud  S. E. I. Adam 《The Veterinary quarterly》2013,33(2):80-85

Ten Nubian goats were given oral doses of the fresh fruits and leaves of Cassia senna at 1, 5, and 10 g / kg /day. Eight goats died within 30 days and two others were slaughtered in a moribund condition on days 18 and 29. The clinical signs of diarrhoea, inappetence, loss of condition, and dyspnoea were well correlated with the pathological findings. There was an increase in G.O.T., ammonia, urea, and total cholesterol and a decrease in total protein in the serum of Cassia‐poisoned goats. Blood sugar level was reduced and the increase in the values of Hb, PCV, and RBC was due to haemoconcentration.  相似文献   

The Impact of Mitochondrial and Thermal Stress on the Bioenergetics and Reserve Respiratory Capacity of Fish Cell Lines     

Benjamin H. Beck  S. Adam Fuller 《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(4):244-250

Abstract

Various stressors affect the health of wild and cultured fish and can cause metabolic disturbances that first manifest at the cellular level. Here, we sought to further our understanding of cellular metabolism in fish by examining the metabolic responses of cell lines derived from channel catfish Ictalurus puntatus (CCO), white bass Morone chrysops (WBE), and fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (EPC) to both mitochondrial and thermal stressors. Using extracellular flux (EF) technology, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate (OCR; a measure of mitochondrial function) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR; a surrogate of glycolysis) in each cell type. We performed a mitochondrial function protocol whereby compounds modulating different components of mitochondrial respiration were sequentially exposed to cells. This provided us with basal and maximal OCR, OCR linked to ATP production, OCR from ion movement across the mitochondrial inner membrane, the reserve capacity, and OCR independent of the electron transport chain. After heat shock, EPC and CCO significantly decreased OCR and all three cell lines modestly increased ECAR. After heat shock, the reserve capacity, the mitochondrial energetic reserve used to cope with stress and increased bioenergetic demand, was unaffected in EPC and CCO and completely abrogated in WBE. These findings provide proof-of-concept experimental data that further highlight the utility of fish cell lines as tools for modeling bioenergetics.

Received April 12, 2012; accepted August 5, 2012  相似文献   

The Contribution of Small-Scale Forestry-Based Enterprises to the Rural Economy in the Developing World: The Case of the Informal Carpentry Sector, Sudan     

Yahia Omar Adam  Davide Pettenella 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(3):461-474

Small-scale forestry-based enterprises connected with wood processing are becoming of growing importance in the rural economy of developing countries. Little attention has been paid to the characteristics of these enterprises and their role in supporting economic development. The objectives of this study are to: (1) determine the socioeconomic characteristics of the operators of these enterprises; (2) assess the contribution of the informal carpentry sector to operators’ income; and (3) identify the factors limiting the expansion of the sector. The study was carried out in the Singa district, Sinnar State in 2011. Snowball sampling was used to select 250 operators from five markets in the district. The quantitative and qualitative data were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal methods. The results revealed that most operators involved in the informal carpentry sector are males aged <30 years and their businesses have been in existence for <10 years. Operators’ incomes ranged between USD 100 and 500 monthly on average. The results also indicated that the operators face many constraints (e.g. finance shortage, lack of raw materials, insecure market, lack of technology and lack of organization) to expanding the informal carpentry sector. The study concluded that the informal carpentry sector has potential to contribute to rural economic development through increasing income and reducing rural poverty.  相似文献   

Structural and Immunochemical Studies of the Lipopolysaccharide from the Fish Pathogen,Aeromonas bestiarum Strain K296, Serotype O18     

Anna Turska-Szewczuk  Buko Lindner  Iwona Komaniecka  Alicja Kozinska  Agnieszka Pekala  Adam Choma  Otto Holst 《Marine drugs》2013,11(4):1235-1255

Chemical analyses and mass spectrometry were used to study the structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Aeromonas bestiarum strain K296, serotype O18. ESI-MS revealed that the most abundant A. bestiarum LPS glycoforms have a hexa-acylated or tetra-acylated lipid A with conserved architecture of the backbone, consisting of a 1,4′-bisphosphorylated β-(1→6)-linked d-GlcN disaccharide with an AraN residue as a non-stoichiometric substituent and a core oligosaccharide composed of Kdo₁Hep₆Hex₁HexN₁P₁. 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy revealed that the O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) of A. bestiarum K296 consists of a branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit containing two 6-deoxy-l-talose (6dTalp), one Manp and one GalpNAc residues; thus, it is similar to that of the OPS of A. hydrophila AH-3 (serotype O34) in both the sugar composition and the glycosylation pattern. Moreover, 3-substituted 6dTalp was 2-O-acetylated and additional O-acetyl groups were identified at O-2 and O-4 (or O-3) positions of the terminal 6dTalp. Western blots with polyclonal rabbit sera showed that serotypes O18 and O34 share some epitopes in the LPS. The very weak reaction of the anti-O34 serum with the O-deacylated LPS of A. bestiarum K296 might have been due to the different O-acetylation pattern of the terminal 6dTalp. The latter suggestion was further confirmed by NMR.  相似文献   

基于田间摄像的多参数水稻土深松扰动行为与效应研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

丁启朔  李杨  BELAL Eisa Adam  梁磊  何瑞银  汪小旵 《农业机械学报》2019,50(10):44-55

耕作机具的土壤扰动行为密切联系土壤失效机理与耕作效应,是优化耕作系统的重要依据。本研究通过土壤耕作原位综合测试平台开展单铲深松试验,从5个方位录制深松视频,同时配合使用微地貌测试、耕作阻力测试、EDEM仿真、深松扰动剖面土壤紧实度测试和深松理论检验,探究深松铲入土角α和耕深D对水稻土深松扰动过程、土壤失效机理及深松效应的影响。结果表明,摄像法提取的纵向碎土距离R、扰动宽度W及抬土高度H与α和D显著相关,可用于水稻土深松扰动行为的定量表述。摄像法显示水稻土难以脆性断裂,铲两侧发生非对称性土壤剪切失效。土壤沿曲柄攀升,抬土高度H随α增大,随D减小,表明深松铲的设计参数和作业参数同时影响抬土能力。R随对应耕深范围内铲的纵向水平长度L线性增加,W随α线性增加。地表平整度S和扰动宽度W均在耕深20 cm时最大。深松土壤扰动行为的EDEM仿真从微观层面再现了摄像法记录的非对称性失效、侧向挤压失效和深松新月形失效现象,表明该离散元模型用于解析水稻土深松力学的科学性。EDEM仿真进一步显示出应力集中区沿铲尖与铲柄破土刃周期性上下移动,同时也对铲下方底层土造成挤压。深松扰动剖面土壤紧实度等值线图验证了仿真过程中铲尖下方形成的土壤压实带,并直观展示出耕深30 cm时,犁底层土壤因侧向挤压流变形成的沟槽状紧实壁面。本文结合田间原位摄像法的多参数测试研究可为深松铲和耕作系统的优化提供依据。  相似文献   

Linking monitoring and intervention for improved management of tigers in the Sundarbans of Bangladesh     

Adam C.D. Barlow  Md. Ishtiaq U. Ahmed  Md. Mizanur Rahman 《Biological conservation》2008,141(8):2032-2040

Baseline data on distribution and abundance of tigers in the Sundarbans is required to identify problem areas and evaluate management strategies. This paper outlines a khal (creek) bank survey of track set frequency throughout the Bangladesh Sundarbans to aid formulation of a management-driven monitoring program. Three teams of two observers surveyed a total of 1 201 km of waterways throughout the Sundarbans, recording 1 338 tiger track sets. These sets became unrecognizable as tiger sign after a mean 10 days (range 6-14). Proportion of detectable sign recorded was 0.91. Mean (±standard error) sample unit track frequency was 1.12 ± 0.86 track sets/km of khal. The mean coefficient of variance in sample unit track rate, estimated by multiple counts of six sample units, was 0.21 (range 0.06-0.34). Track frequency generally increased from northeast to southwest. Four sample units (6%) had signs of reproduction, with a mean litter size of 1.75 ± 0.5. Monte Carlo simulation suggests a monitoring program of one complete survey every two years will have power of 0.8 (α = 0.2), to detect track frequency declines of ?19% and increases of ?17%. We recommend this monitoring scheme be implemented on the Indian side of the Sundarbans to provide a standard assessment of the tiger population and to form the basis for setting management objectives and evaluating transboundary conservation initiatives.  相似文献   

Effects of steam disinfestation on community structure,abundance and activity of heterotrophic,denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria in an organic farming soil     

D. Roux-Michollet  S. Czarnes  B. Adam  D. Berry  C. Commeaux  N. Guillaumaud  X. Le Roux  A. Clays-Josserand 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(7):1836-1845

Steam disinfestation is an ecologically less harmful alternative to synthetic chemical fumigants such as methyl bromide, which is being phased out of use due to its ozone-depleting properties. Although previous studies have characterized the effects of steaming on targeted pests, soil microorganisms, including beneficial ones, may be strongly influenced by this agricultural practice, since: (1) high temperature disturbs most soil microorganisms; and (2) disinfestation-induced changes in the soil environment can indirectly affect soil microbiota. The impact of soil disinfestation on functional bacterial communities was evaluated particularly in view of their role in nitrogen cycling. The short-term effects of steam disinfestation on heterotrophic bacteria, denitrifying and nitrifying bacteria, and their ability to recover after this disturbance were examined by surveying the enzyme activity, size and genetic structure of each community. Our results show that: (1) steaming immediately induced significant decrease in community activity and size, and changes in community composition, nitrifying bacteria being mostly affected; (2) abundances of each community reached values equal or higher than those observed in control soil within 15–60 days after steaming, but community structures remained very different as compared to those in control soil; and (3) for each activity, no complete recovery was observed after the disturbance: substrate induced respiration and denitrification increased but remained lower in steamed soil, whereas nitrification was not detectable after 62 days. Our results show that these effects of steaming on key soil functional communities can have important, long-lasting implications for nitrogen cycle that should be taken into account when evaluating the influence of such an agricultural practice.  相似文献   

Soil risk maps – Interpreting soils data for policy makers,agencies and industry     

Nikki Baggaley  Allan Lilly  Kirsty Blackstock  Karen Dobbie  Adam Carson  Fraser Leith 《Soil Use and Management》2020,36(1):19-26

Surface runoff, erosion, compaction and the leaching of potential pollutants from land can degrade the soil resource and damage the water environment, reducing crop yields, causing loss of valuable nutrients and organic matter, together with increasing flood risk. Increasingly, it is recognized that scientific information must be translated into practical tools to change practices and protect the soil and water resource. Working alongside agencies in Scotland, we applied a suite of simple, transparent, rule-based models to identify areas most at risk of exporting sediment and pollutants that may degrade water quality based on field-scale (1:25,000) soil maps. The maps have been used by Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Scottish Water and Scottish Government to assess soil risks to waters from field to regional scale. The work brought scientists together with policy makers, agencies and the water industry to pool their knowledge to apply these practical tools for decision-making. It highlights the need to apply existing knowledge to answer salient questions. All three examples described show that providing the right type of information, which is based on fundamental soils data, can directly influence the implementation of policies, investment and monitoring decisions and provide evidence in support of government. However, this requires both researchers and agency scientists to develop skills as knowledge brokers and to normalize the use of soil data in everyday agency settings.  相似文献   

The loss of large wood affects rocky mountain trout populations          下载免费PDF全文

Adam T. Herdrich  Dana L. Winkelman  Michael P. Venarsky  David M. Walters  Ellen Wohl 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(4):1023-1036

Western U.S. rivers are currently influenced by legacy effects of reduced large wood (LW) loading and retention that has substantially reduced in‐stream habitat complexity. Large wood is typically associated with streams in undisturbed old‐growth forest and in the correct geomorphic context can drastically alter stream and valley habitat complexity. Streams with LW are typically multichannel and depositional, while streams lacking LW, due to relatively recent wildfire or logging (<200 years ago), are usually single channelled and erosional. We compared population biomass and individual growth rates of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in streams across a gradient of wood volumes. At both the square metre and valley length scales, standing stock biomass of aquatic invertebrates was the best predictor of trout biomass. However, at the valley scale, the number of pools was important in predicting trout biomass in combination with standing stock biomass of aquatic invertebrates. Individual growth rates of age‐1 Brook Trout were negatively affected by increasing density; however, growth rates for the largest and smallest individuals at each site were unaffected by density. Our results suggest the pool habitat created by LW acts synergistically with prey availability to dramatically increase trout populations. However, in streams lacking LW, negative effects of detrimental land use practices have persisted >100 years, suggesting that recovering lost animal production in mountain stream networks will only occur at decadal to century time scales.  相似文献