Effects of dietary carotenoid on the gut and the gonad of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus     

Muki Shpigel  Susan C. Schlosser  Addison L. Lawrence 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2006,261(4):1269-1280

Gonad colour, determined by accumulated carotenoids, is an important marketability factor in sea urchin products. In this study, dietary carotenoids were fed to Paracentrotus lividus in prepared diets to test their effects on the sea urchin's gonad colour. All diets had the same basic content of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash and energy. Four diets were enriched with: (I) all-trans β-carotene; (II) astaxanthin; (III) zeaxanthin/lutein/β-carotene; and (IV) capsanthin/zeaxanthin/lutein/cryptoxanthin/β-carotene. A fifth diet had Dunaliella bardawil algal powder containing all-trans and 9-cis β-carotene added, and a sixth one was a control diet with no added carotenoids. Sea urchins were fed the control diet (no pigments) for 4 weeks, then the six experimental diets for 8 weeks. Carotenoid concentration in the gut and gonad was determined by tri-dimensional photo-diode array high performance liquid chromatography. Four qualitative colour categories were established: brown, pale yellow, medium-orange, and mango-orange.Gonad development and test diameter increased equally in all diet treatments. Carotenoid profile and concentration in the gut were higher than in the gonad or in the feed. Total carotenoid concentration was four- to ten-fold greater in the gut than in the gonad, and carotenoid profile in the gut was different from that of the diet. Gut and gonad total carotenoids, β-carotene, and echinenone concentration were not dependent on total dietary carotenoid concentration. Total carotenoid and β-carotene concentration in the gut, and total carotenoid and echinenone concentration in the gonad were significantly dependent on dietary β-carotene concentration. The percentage of gonads with acceptable colour was positively correlated with dietary and gut β-carotene concentration. Carotenoids not normally contained in the diet of P. lividus (astaxanthin, capsanthin and capsorbin), did not accumulate in the gonad. Echinenone was found in all gut and gonad samples. Over 90% of the gonads from P. lividus fed Dunaliella algal powder diet developed the optimal mango-orange colour and this diet led to the greatest echinenone concentration.  相似文献   

Replacement of fresh dietary components by a dry feed for successful maturation of male Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) broodstock     

Martin Perez-Velazquez  Addison L Lawrence  Delbert M Gatlin  III    Mayra L González-Félix  & William A Bray 《Aquaculture Research》2002,33(13):1091-1095

  相似文献   

Reproductive Response of Penaeus stylirostris to Temperature Manipulation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Lori  Robertson  William  Bray Addison  Lawrence 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1991,22(2):109-117

The effect of temperature manipulation on the reproduction of Penaeus stylirostris was investigated as a possible method for increasing larval production. Six 3.66 m diameter black tanks were stocked with unilaterally eyestalk enucleated females and intact males. Temperature was designed to vary between 20 and 28 C at a rate of 2 C per day in the "Fast" treatment and 2 C per week in the "Slow" treatment; upper and lower temperatures were maintained for 10 days before another cycle was initiated. In the "Ambient" treatment, temperature averaged 27.8 ± 0.9 C.
During the 105 day study maturation, mating and larval production were highest in the Ambient tanks. Temperature manipulation as tested in the Fast and Slow treatments did not produce any burst of mating and spawning activity at the upper ends of the cycles to compensate for the steady production in the Ambient group. Thus, the temperature regimes examined did not afford any practical advantage.
The effect of temperature on mating was marked. In the Slow treatment which most closely mimicked natural seasonal temperature change, mating began initially when the temperature increased to 25 C. Throughout the study mating occurred more frequently at the higher temperatures, and these results suggest that the optimal temperature range was 27–29 C for reproduction. However, the shrimp did mate at all temperatures encountered. It is notable that this tropical species can successfully reproduce at temperatures as Iow as 20 C.  相似文献   

Changes in lipid class and fatty acid composition of adult male Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in response to culture temperature and food deprivation     

Martin Perez-Velazquez  Mayra L. González-Félix  Addison L. Lawrence  Delbert M. Gatlin III 《Aquaculture Research》2003,34(13):1205-1213

The effects of culture temperature and food deprivation on lipid class and fatty acid composition of adult male Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were investigated. Shrimp were maintained in recirculating seawater systems at temperatures of 26 and 32°C and fed 75% dry commercial feed and 25% fresh‐frozen squid for 42 days. Additionally, groups of fed and non‐fed shrimp were maintained at 26°C for 17 days. In shrimp fed at either 26 or 32°C, polar lipids were the main constituents of total identified lipid classes in muscle tissue (66–71%), while neutral lipids were more abundant in hepatopancreas (82–88%). Higher levels of triglycerides were observed in lipids of shrimp hepatopancreas kept at 32°C, but no other lipid class was affected by temperature. A significantly higher proportion of 22:6n‐3 was consistent in muscle and hepatopancreas polar and neutral lipids of shrimp maintained at 26°C. In response to food deprivation, the amount of polar lipids, but not neutral lipids, was reduced by approximately 28% in muscle tissue, whereas all lipid reserves were almost depleted in the hepatopancreas. The variable consumption of some individual fatty acids was observed in polar and neutral lipids of both tissues.  相似文献   

Mineral Requirements of Penaeus vannamei: A Preliminary Examination of the Dietary Essentiality for Thirteen Minerals   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D. Allen  Davis Addison L.  Lawrence Delbert M.  Gatlin III 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1992,23(1):8-14

Diets containing a complete mineral premix or mineral premixes from which Ca, P, Na, CI, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, I, Se, or Cr were individually deleted were fed to juvenile Penaeus vunnamei (mean initial weight 79.5 mg) over a 4-week experimental period. Final mean percent weight gain ranged from 1,472 (Cu-free mineral premix) to 1,991% (Na-free mineral premix) with an average of 1,812% for all treatments. Survival during the first two week period and the second two week period was greater than 92% and 88%, respectively. There were no significant differences observed among treatments for growth and survival data.
Upon termination of the growth trial, the hepatopancreas and carapace were dissected from the shrimp and evaluated for ash, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu content. Of the minerals analyzed, the individual deletion of Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu from the mineral supplement resulted in reduced tissue mineralization in P. vannamei whereas, the deletion of Ca and P from the mineral mix did not produce significant responses. Deletion of Se from the mineral premix resulted in a significant increase in the ash content of the carapace. Based on the information provided by this and other studies, further investigation of the dietary requirements of P. vannamei for Ca, P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Se is recommended.  相似文献   

Lipid nutrition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei: I. Dietary cholesterol and de-oiled soy lecithin requirements and their interaction     

Hui Gong  Addison L. Lawrence  Dong-Huo Jiang  Frank L. Castille  Delbert M. GatlinIII 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2000,190(3-4):305-324

Two 6-week experiments were conducted in recirculating systems to determine dietary requirements of Litopenaeus vannamei for phospholipids (PL) and cholesterol, and their potential interaction. A 3×4 factorial design consisting of three cholesterol levels (0%, 0.2%, and 0.5% of diet) and four PL levels (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 5.0% of diet) provided by de-oiled soybean lecithin (SL) was applied. Overall survival was 97.7% with no significant difference among dietary treatments. There was a highly significant interaction between PL and cholesterol on shrimp growth (P=0.0001). Dietary cholesterol at 0.2% or 0.5% gave similar shrimp growth at any given level of PL.

In a second factorial experiment, the same four levels of PL were evaluated in conjunction with smaller intervals between dietary cholesterol levels, 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, in an attempt to define dietary requirements and interaction better. Overall survival was 99.7%. A highly significant interaction between dietary PL and cholesterol on growth of shrimp was detected again (P=0.0001). The cholesterol requirement was estimated to be 0.35% of diet in the absence of supplemental PL. At 1.5% and 3% PL, dietary cholesterol requirements were reduced to 0.14% and 0.13% of diet, respectively. When PL were provided at 5% of diet, 0.05% dietary cholesterol was needed for optimal growth. Shrimp growth was significantly enhanced as level of PL increased, but as the level of dietary cholesterol level increased, the growth-promoting effect of PL was diminished. Lipid composition of hepatopancreas (mid-gut gland) and muscle tissue of shrimp fed the different diets was also analyzed. Diets supplemented with PL resulted in higher total lipid in hepatopancreas and lower total lipid in muscle of shrimp than those of shrimp fed diets without supplemental PL. Interaction between dietary PL and cholesterol also affected total lipid and triglycerides (TG) in the hepatopancreas, as well as cholesterol concentration in the muscle.  相似文献   

Low-cost experimental unit and growth medium for testing soil effects on shrimp culture     

Gad Ritvo  Joe B Dixon  Tzachi M Samocha  Addison L Lawrence  William H Neill 《Aquacultural Engineering》1998,18(4):245-249

PVC pipes, 10 cm in diameter and 46 cm long, sealed at one end and filled with 18 ppt of artificial seawater and a 6-cm layer of substrate, were tested as experimental units for the culturing of penaeid shrimp. The growth substrate was prepared by mixing 70% quartz sand, 24% Georgia kaolin, 5% Gonzales bentonite and 1% Bermuda grass hay. One juvenile Penaeus vannamei was placed in each container and shrimp weight gain was monitored. In the first study (four replicates), shrimp grew to 8.15 g within 8 weeks at a rate of ≈1 g week⁻¹ with no mortality; thereafter, growth decreased and 25% mortality was observed. In the second study (seven replicates), the average weight of shrimp was 8.66 g in 10 weeks, with 29% mortality occurring between the seventh and eighth week. Experimental unit cost was $3.30.  相似文献   

Accumulation of Chemical Elements in Texas Shrimp Pond Soils   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Gad  Ritvo Joe B.  Dixon Addison L.  Lawrence Tzachi M.  Samocha William H.  Neill Michael E  Speed 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1998,29(4):422-431

Abstract— This study evaluated changes in chemistry of shrimp pond soils over one production cycle. Several soil nutrients, pH, organic matter, and total soluble salts were analyzed in the upper 10 cm of pond-bottom soil on two Texas shrimp farms in two consecutive years. Soil concentrations of S, P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, and Zn increased from one year to the next, S increased by 400 ppm. Organic matter did not accumulate. The pH decreased in all pond soils, owing perhaps to the oxidation of organic matter and/or inorganic compounds. There was no statistical difference in shrimp yield between the two consecutive years. These results indicated that the accumulation of S and soluble salts derived from seawater and feed should be monitored and evaluated to prevent excessive chemical element loading of pond soil and discharge water.  相似文献   

Evaluation of In Vitro Apparent Protein Digestibility by Shrimp Using Gut Enzyme Extracts     

Joe M Fox  Addison L Lawrence 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2009,40(3):325-336

Knowledge of apparent protein digestibility (APD) is required for optimization of feed formulae for the production of marine penaeid shrimp. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an in vitro method for determining APD in marine penaeid shrimp using gut enzyme extracts. A high correlation (r² = 0.95) was shown between single‐ingredient APD values for fish meal diets using in vivo methodology and those derived from in vitro testing of ingredients. A second study showed positive correlation (r² = 0.71) between in vitro APD of selected purified and semipurified ingredients and their reported in vivo APDs. This correlation was much higher for purified ingredients (r² = 0.93) versus less‐refined ingredients (r² = 0.24). A third trial compared in vitro APD at three different enzyme extract pH values and showed that for most protein sources, APD was significantly highest (P < 0.05) at pH = 7.0 and lower at pH = 6.1 or 7.9, indicating a neutral pH optimum for this methodology.  相似文献