Ultrastructure of ray parenchyma cells in the wood of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae)     

R. C. Pandalai  G. M. Nair  J. J. Shah 《Wood Science and Technology》1985,19(3):201-209

Summary The fine structure of ray parenchyma cells in the sapwood during its transformation to heartwood in Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) is described. They have thick walls with electron dense and opaque lamellations. Many branched and unbranched plasmodesmatal connections are present on their lateral and end walls. The cells in the outer sapwood show abundant starch which disappears completely in the inner sapwood ant at the sapwood-heartwood boundary. The morphological features of the starch grain during its depletion are described and their association with lipid formation is indicated. It is suggested that the phenolic materials in the heartwood cells are formed at the sapwood-heartwood boundary.Abbreviations Cy Cytoplasm - ER Endoplasmic reticulum - L Lipid droplet - M Mitochondrion - ML Middle lamella - MVB Multivesicular body - N Nucleus - P Pit-field - PC Pit cavity - PD Plasmodesmata - PL Plasmalemma - St Starch - V Vacuole - VS Vesicle - W Wall The authors thank the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for the financial assistance  相似文献   

Exposure-to-treatment interval and clinical severity in canine poisoning: a retrospective analysis at a Portland veterinary emergency center     

Cope RB  White KS  More E  Holmes K  Nair A  Chauvin P  Oncken A 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2006,29(3):233-236

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Variation in Kernel Hardness and Associated Traits in U.S. Barley Breeding Lines     

S. Nair  S. E. Ullrich  T. K. Blake  B. Cooper  C. A. Griffey  P. M. Hayes  D. J. Hole  R. D. Horsley  D. E. Obert  K. P. Smith  G. J. Muehlbauer  B.‐K. Baik 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(5):461-466

Kernel hardness is an important trait influencing postharvest handling, processing, and food product quality in cereal grains. Though well‐characterized in wheat, the basis of kernel hardness is still not completely understood in barley. Kernels of 959 barley breeding lines were evaluated for hardness using the Single Kernel Characterization System (SKCS). Barley lines exhibited a broad range of hardness index (HI) values at 30.1–91.9. Distribution of kernel diameter and weight were 1.7–2.9 mm and 24.9–53.7 mg, respectively. The proportion of hull was 10.2–20.7%. From the 959 breeding lines, 10 hulled spring barley lines differing in HI values (30.1–91.2) were selected to study the associations of HI with proportion of hull, kernel weight, diameter, vitreousness, protein, β‐glucan, and amylose content. Vitreousness, evaluated visually using a light box, showed a clear distinction between hard and soft kernels. Hard kernels appeared translucent, while soft kernels appeared opaque when illuminated from below on the light box. Kernel brightness (L*), determined as an indicator of kernel vitreousness, showed a significant negative correlation (r = –0.83, P < 0.01) with HI. Protein, β‐glucan, amylose content, proportion of hull, kernel weight, and diameter did not show any significant association with HI.  相似文献   

Laboratory Yields and Process Stream Compositions from E‐Mill and Dry‐Grind Corn Processes Using a Granular Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme     

Amit Arora  Bruce S. Dien  Ronald L. Belyea  Ping Wang  Vijay Singh  M. E. Tumbleson  Kent D. Rausch 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(2):100-103

In dry‐grind corn processing, the whole kernel is fermented to produce ethanol and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS); the E‐Mill process was developed to generate coproducts in addition to DDGS. Compositions of thin stillage and wet grains obtained from the E‐Mill process will be different from the dry‐grind process. Knowledge of thin stillage compositions will provide information to improve coproducts from both processes. Laboratory dry‐grind and E‐Mill processes that used granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE) were compared and process yields determined. Two methods, centrifugation and screening, were used to produce thin stillage and wet grains from the laboratory processes. Compositions of process streams were determined. In the dry‐grind process using GSHE, solids contents of beer, whole stillage, and wet grains were higher compared to the same fractions from the E‐Mill process using GSHE. Solids contents of mash for both processes were similar. Total solids, soluble solids, and ash contents of thin stillage were similar for the two processes. Fat content of thin stillage from E‐Mill was lower than that from the dry‐grind process; protein content of E‐Mill thin stillage was higher than that from dry‐grind thin stillage. Removal of germ and fiber before fermentation changed composition of thin stillage from the E‐Mill process. The screening method produced higher thin stillage and lower wet grains yields than using a centrifugation method. The screening method was less time consuming but resulted in limited wet grains material for additional analyses or processing. The centrifugation method of thin stillage separation removed more solids from thin stillage than the screening method.  相似文献   

A major genome region underlying artemisinin resistance in malaria     

Cheeseman IH  Miller BA  Nair S  Nkhoma S  Tan A  Tan JC  Al Saai S  Phyo AP  Moo CL  Lwin KM  McGready R  Ashley E  Imwong M  Stepniewska K  Yi P  Dondorp AM  Mayxay M  Newton PN  White NJ  Nosten F  Ferdig MT  Anderson TJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6077):79-82

Evolving resistance to artemisinin-based compounds threatens to derail attempts to control malaria. Resistance has been confirmed in western Cambodia and has recently emerged in western Thailand, but is absent from neighboring Laos. Artemisinin resistance results in reduced parasite clearance rates (CRs) after treatment. We used a two-phase strategy to identify genome region(s) underlying this ongoing selective event. Geographical differentiation and haplotype structure at 6969 polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 91 parasites from Cambodia, Thailand, and Laos identified 33 genome regions under strong selection. We screened SNPs and microsatellites within these regions in 715 parasites from Thailand, identifying a selective sweep on chromosome 13 that shows strong association (P = 10(-6) to 10(-12)) with slow CRs, illustrating the efficacy of targeted association for identifying the genetic basis of adaptive traits.  相似文献   

Binding of host glycosaminoglycans and milk proteins: possible role in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis mastitis     

Almeida RA  Luther DA  Nair R  Oliver SP 《Veterinary microbiology》2003,94(2):131-141

The role of indirect binding of host proteins through glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on adherence and internalization of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells was evaluated. Preincubation of S. uberis with GAGs followed by incubation with fetal bovine serum (FBS), bovine milk or milk proteins resulted in greater adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells than observed in untreated controls. Highest values were detected, when final incubation was done with milk. Greater adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells were observed when heparin sulfate (HEP) and milk were used compared with any other GAG and FBS. When individual milk proteins were used, greatest adherence and internalization were observed when S. uberis strains were pretreated with HEP followed by treatment with beta-casein. The findings of this study illustrate a pathogenic strategy of S. uberis that may occur during the very early stages of infection.  相似文献   

Expression of a truncated Pasteurella multocida toxin antigen in Bordetella bronchiseptica   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Rajeev S  Nair RV  Kania SA  Bemis DA 《Veterinary microbiology》2003,94(4):313-323

Mild or subclinical respiratory infections caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica are widespread in pigs despite multiple control efforts. Infection with virulent B. bronchiseptica strains is a common risk factor in the establishment of toxin-producing strains of Pasteurella multocida in the nasal cavity of pigs leading to the disease, atrophic rhinitis (AR). This study was designed to explore the possibility of expressing a protective epitope of P. multocida toxin (PMT) in B. bronchiseptica to create single-component mucosal vaccine to control atrophic rhinitis in pigs. To achieve this, a P. multocida toxin fragment (PMTCE), that was non-toxic and protective against lethal challenge in mice, was cloned into a broad-host-range plasmid, PBBR1MCS2, and introduced into B. bronchiseptica by electroporation. The Pasteurella gene construct was placed under the regulatory control of a promoter region that was separately isolated from B. bronchiseptica and appears to be part of the heat shock protein gene family. B. bronchiseptica harboring the plasmid under antibiotic selection expressed the 80kDa PMTCE as determined by PAGE and Western blot with a PMT-specific monoclonal antibody. When introduced into the respiratory tracts of mice, B. bronchiseptica harboring the plasmid construct was reisolated in declining numbers for 72h post-inoculation. Antibody responses (IgM, IgA and IgG) to B. bronchiseptica were detected in serum and respiratory lavage, but PMTCE-specific antibodies were not detected. While further refinements of PMT expression in B. bronchiseptica are necessary, this study provides a basis for the development of a single-component, live-attenuated vaccine against atrophic rhinitis.  相似文献   

A comprehensive study of Easter lily poisoning in cats.     

Wilson K Rumbeiha  Jayaraj A Francis  Scott D Fitzgerald  Muraleedharan G Nair  Kate Holan  Kwasi A Bugyei  Heather Simmons 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2004,16(6):527-541

This study was conducted with 3 objectives in mind: first, to identify the toxic fraction (aqueous or organic) in leaves and flowers; second, to identify diagnostic marker(s) of toxicosis in cats; and, third, to evaluate the morphologic effects of intoxication. The study was conducted in 2 phases. Phase 1 was to identify which extract, organic or aqueous, was nephrotoxic and also to determine the appropriate dose for use in the phase 2 studies. Results indicated that only the aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers were nephrotoxic and pancreotoxic. To identify the proximate toxic compound, cats in the phase 2 study were orally exposed to subfractions of the aqueous flower extract, 1 subfraction per cat. Results confirmed vomiting, depression, polyuria, polydipsia, azotemia, glucosuria, proteinuria, and isosthenuria as toxic effects of the Easter lily plant. Another significant finding in serum was elevated creatinine kinase. Significant histologic kidney changes included acute necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules and degeneration of pancreatic acinar cells. Renal ultrastructural changes included swollen mitochondria, megamitochondria, edema, and lipidosis. Subfraction IIa3 of the aqueous floral extract contained most of the toxic compound(s). These studies reproduced the clinical disease, identified the most toxic fraction of the Easter lily, and helped characterize the clinical pathology, histopathology, and ultrastructural pathology associated with the disease.  相似文献   

Recent advances in genomics-assisted breeding of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) resistance in rice (Oryza sativa)     

Kishor Kumar  Pavneet Kaur  Amit Kishore  Yogesh Vikal  Kuldeep Singh  Kumari Neelam 《Plant Breeding》2020,139(6):1052-1066

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Herring Milt and Herring Milt Protein Hydrolysate Are Equally Effective in Improving Insulin Sensitivity and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function in Diet-Induced Obese- and Insulin-Resistant Mice     

Yanwen Wang  Sandhya Nair  Jacques Gagnon 《Marine drugs》2020,18(12)

Although genetic predisposition influences the onset and progression of insulin resistance and diabetes, dietary nutrients are critical. In general, protein is beneficial relative to carbohydrate and fat but dependent on protein source. Our recent study demonstrated that 70% replacement of dietary casein protein with the equivalent quantity of protein derived from herring milt protein hydrolysate (HMPH; herring milt with proteins being enzymatically hydrolyzed) significantly improved insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. As production of protein hydrolysate increases the cost of the product, it is important to determine whether a simply dried and ground herring milt product possesses similar benefits. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate the effect of herring milt dry powder (HMDP) on glucose control and the associated metabolic phenotypes and further to compare its efficacy with HMPH. Male C57BL/6J mice on a high-fat diet for 7 weeks were randomized based on body weight and blood glucose into three groups. One group continued on the high-fat diet and was used as the insulin-resistant/diabetic control and the other two groups were given the high-fat diet modified to have 70% of casein protein being replaced with the same amount of protein from HMDP or HMPH. A group of mice on a low-fat diet all the time was used as the normal control. The results demonstrated that mice on the high-fat diet increased weight gain and showed higher blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin, as well as impaired glucose tolerance and pancreatic β-cell function relative to those on the normal control diet. In comparison with the high-fat diet, the replacement of 70% dietary casein protein with the same amount of HMDP or HMPH protein decreased weight gain and significantly improved the aforementioned biomarkers, insulin sensitivity or resistance, and β-cell function. The HMDP and HMPH showed similar effects on every parameter except blood lipids where HMDP decreased total cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol levels while the effect of HMPH was not significant. The results demonstrate that substituting 70% of dietary casein protein with the equivalent amount of HMDP or HMPH protein protects against obesity and diabetes, and HMDP is also beneficial to cholesterol homeostasis.  相似文献