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91.
Md. Abiar Rahman Masakazu Tani Kazuo Asahiro S. M. Asik Ullah 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(3):295-309
A homestead is an integrated production system where trees, crops, livestock and poultry are found in and around the household residence in Bangladesh. It is a potential production unit that provides various product, service and ecological functions. Almost all people in Bangladesh including landless households have homesteads in which they grow trees and crops even in a small piece of land. This study characterizes the species composition, diversity and productivity of the homestead production system in the Teknaf peninsula, southeastern Bangladesh. Survey data collection was from a total of 180 homesteads covering five household categories: large, medium, small, marginal and landless. Vegetable, fruit, timber, and livestock and poultry were common components in the homestead production system. Various types of plants were mainly concentrated in back yards, front yards, boundaries and corners of homesteads. The mean number of tree species per homestead was about 15. In total, 189 tree and shrub species were recorded, and were distinctly high and low in the large (363.7) and landless (55.7) household categories. Species composition, diversity and productivity of homesteads were found to be related to household categories. Richness and diversity of tree and shrub species increased with household size. Betel nut was the dominant tree species followed by mango, jackfruit and coconut. Annual income from homesteads also varied among the household categories, with a mean contribution of the homestead to annual income of about 25 %. A large portion of homestead income came from betel nut trees. There is scope to increase species diversity and income by designing homesteads with the engagement of women and other family members. 相似文献
92.
93.
Shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, is a serious pest of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Management practices of this obnoxious pest are limited to frequent spray of chemical insecticides. Due to increasing
levels of resistance of L. orbonalis to different insecticides there is an urgent need to test new chemicals. In this study, nine insecticides such as azadirachtin
0.03EC, abamectin 1.8EC, flubendiamide 24WG, chlorpyriphos 20EC, cartap 50SP, carbosulfan 20EC, thiodicarb 75WP, cypermethrin
10EC, and lambdacyhalothrin 2.5EC belonging to different chemical groups were tested against eggplant shoot and fruit borer
in laboratory and field. In laboratory trial, carbosulfan and flubendiamide showed the highest toxicity against fourth instar
larvae of L. orbonalis after 24 and 48 h of exposure, respectively. In field trials, they reduced more than 80% shoot and fruit infestation in winter,
and 80% shoot and 70% fruit infestation in summer over control. Carbosulfan protected the highest amount of healthy fruit
yield in both cropping seasons. Flubendiamide also showed the similar efficacy. Cartap and thiodicarb were moderately effective
in both the seasons. Efficacy of cypermethrin and abamectin was moderate in winter but low in summer. Lambdacyhalothrin and
chlorpyriphos although reduced shoot and fruit infestation of eggplant and protected higher yield as compared to control,
their effectiveness was not satisfactory. The performance of azadirachtin against the pest both in the laboratory and field
trials was the poorest while that of carbosulfan and flubendiamide was the best. Thus, it is suggested that carbosulfan and
flubendiamide may be used for the control of L. orbonalis in eggplant. 相似文献
94.
95.
Sara Oveissi Abdul Rahman Omar Khatijah Yusoff Fatemeh Jahanshiri Sharifah Syed Hassan 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2010,33(6):491-503
The H5 gene of avian influenza virus (AIV) strain A/chicken/Malaysia/5744/2004(H5N1) was cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector, and Esat-6 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was fused into downstream of the H5 gene as a genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccine candidates. The antibody level against AIV was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Sera obtained from specific-pathogen-free chickens immunized with pcDNA3.1/H5 and pcDNA3.1/H5/Esat-6 demonstrated antibody responses as early as 2 weeks after the first immunization. Furthermore, the overall HI antibody titer in chickens immunized with pcDNA3.1/H5/Esat-6 was higher compared to the chickens immunized with pcDNA3.1/H5 (p < 0.05). The results suggested that Esat-6 gene of M. tuberculosis is a potential genetic adjuvant for the development of effective H5 DNA vaccine in chickens. 相似文献
96.
Hoque M. A. Skerratt L. F. Rahman M. A. Rabiul Alam Beg A. B. M. Debnath N. C. 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1579-1587
A cross sectional survey of duck production was carried out in 2002 on 771 traditional, semiscavenging household duck farms
on the coastal Island of Hatia. We determined the socioeconomic characteristics of duck farmers and their management systems,
identified the factors associated with egg production, and measured the level of selected duck diseases and current preventive
strategies. Household family size varied from 1 to 14 individuals and women were the main caretakers of ducks. Around 34%
of keepers were illiterate. Most duck products (eggs and meat; 85%) were sold at the local market. Duck houses were poorly
ventilated and a variety of bedding materials were used. Feed was available in nearby scavenging areas; however, additional
feed was frequently supplied by farmers. Almost all farmers (96%) ranked the rainy season as the best time for rearing ducks
due to greater feed availability. The annual egg production was 79 eggs per layer with a weight of 48 g and a hatchability
rate of 87%. Egg production varied by zone (p < 0.05). The odds of suboptimal egg production was 0.5 times lower in educated farmers (p = 0.001). The odds of suboptimal egg production was 2.5 times more likely in ducks that attained sexual maturity at >22 weeks
(p<0.001). Most farmers ranked duck plague as the most important disease, followed by duck cholera, botulism, and duck viral
hepatitis. Preventive vaccination was sporadic and used by few farmers (28%). There are significant opportunities for improved
duck production on the Island of Hatia and in Bangladesh generally. 相似文献
97.
Abstract Ufra, caused by the stem nematode, Ditylenchus angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936, is a serious disease of deepwater rice in southern Bangladesh. It was studied between 1977 and 1979 as part of a joint project with the Overseas Development Administration at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute. Three symptom types are distinguished according to the extent of panicle emergence: Ufra1 (none), Ufra2 (partial) and Ufra3 (complete). All three represent total loss from that panicle. The number of Ufra2 as a percentage of the total number of panicles present in a specified area is selected as a disease index (UfraII). A function relating yield to the level of UfraII is proposed on the basis of selective samples from a field with a well-defined ufra patch. This function is compared with another derived from random samples in different fields along a linear transect through an area where ufra is endemic. Loss of panicle density, i.e. panicles/m2, is identified as a major component of yield loss, approximately equal to the loss associated with all three symptom types added together. Although severe and widely distributed throughout the southern part of the deepwater rice region in 1977 and 1978, it was very difficult to find in 1979 when there was a spring drought. Ufra is worse in wet years, in areas which flood early, and where the crop is harvested late. The length of the over-winter decay phase appears to be a critical factor regulating the survival of the pathogen from one season to the next. This suggests an approach for ufra control. 相似文献
98.
M. A. Whitelaw‐Weckert L. Rahman L. M. Appleby A. Hall A. C. Clark H. Waite W. J. Hardie 《Plant pathology》2013,62(6):1226-1237
Decline of newly planted, grafted grapevines is a serious viticultural problem worldwide. In the Riverina (New South Wales, Australia), characteristic symptoms include low fruit yields, very short shoots and severely stunted roots with black, sunken, necrotic lesions. To determine the cause, roots and wood tissue from affected plants in 20 vineyards (Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay grafted to V. champini cv. Ramsey rootstock) were assayed for microbial pathogens. Ilyonectria spp. (I. macrodidyma or I. liriodendra, producers of phytotoxin brefeldin A, BFA, and cause of black foot disease of grapevines) and Botryosphaeriaceae spp. (predominantly Diplodia seriata) were isolated from rootstocks of 100 and 95% of the plants, respectively. Togninia minima and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (cause of grapevine Petri disease) were isolated from 13 and 7% of affected plants, respectively. All Ramsey rootstock stems of grafted plants sampled from a supplier nursery were infected with Ilyonectria spp. and D. seriata. Diplodia seriata, but not Ilyonectria spp., was also isolated from 25% of canes sampled from the rootstock source block. Root inoculation of potted, disease‐free Chardonnay plants with Ilyonectria isolates from diseased vineyards caused typical disease symptoms, while co‐inoculation with Botryosphaeriaceae spp. increased disease severity. This is the first study to show that a major cause of young grapevine decline can be sequential infection by Botryosphaeriaceae from rootstock cuttings and Ilyonectria spp. from nursery soil. Although the Petri disease fungi were less common in young declining grafted grapevines in the Riverina, they are likely to contribute to the decline of surviving plants as they mature. 相似文献
99.
Keiichi Nomura H. Terai K. Yabe M. Maeda M. S. M. Rahman M. Yoshida 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(4):617-622
SummaryChanges in fruit weight, total soluble solids (TSS), sugar content and postharvest ethylene production during fruit development were compared on fruit of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill., cv. Big Sister) pollinated at different times (early, at the beginning of April, 1995 and late, at the end of May, 1994). Fruit weight increased by growth, independently of pollination times. Changes in TSS and sugar content were strongly affected by pollination time. In late pollinated fruits, both TSS and sugar content increased during the growth period, 110–160 d after pollination, while neither increased with fruit growth in early pollinated fruit. Moreover, changes in TSS and sugar content after ripening depended not only on pollination time but also on the growth period. With late pollination, fruit harvested after 140 d became edible after ripening. The TSS and total sugar contents, (the sum of fructose, glucose and sucrose contents) increased to about 20° Brix and above 16%, respectively. But early pollinated fruits were not edible after ripening, since total sugar content increased only to about 7%, even though they kept growing for 160 d on the tree. The maximum rate of ethylene production declined and the number of days to the ethylene peak from harvest is also reduced with growth in both cases. These changes were closely correlated with days after pollination (r>0.9) regardless of pollination time. Comparisons of accumulated temperature suggest that temperature at pollination time and during the resting period of growth affected fruit development. These results indicate that neither fruit weight nor number of days after pollination is a suitable index for harvesting time. 相似文献
100.
M. Zobayer Bin Mukhlish Maksudur Rahman Khan Mithun Chandra Bhoumick Sumona Paul 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(8):4949-4958
Batch sorption experiments were carried out to investigate the potentiality of papaya leaf powder (PLP) for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as adsorbent dose, initial solution concentration, contact time, and solution pH were also studied. The amount of dye adsorbed was found to increase with increase in initial dye concentrations. Papaya leaf adsorbs MB better in basic medium. The adsorption equilibrium data fitted well in the Langmuir isotherm equation with a monolayer sorption capacity of 512.55?mg?g?1. The kinetics of MB adsorption onto papaya leaf was examined using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order and unified approach kinetic models. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model, but the rate constant was found to depend on initial dye concentration. The unified approach model described the equilibrium and kinetics well. The forward and backward rate constants were determined from the unified approach model. 相似文献