Bovine viral diarrhoea virus in beef heifers in commercial herds in Australia: mob‐level seroprevalences and incidences of seroconversion,and vaccine efficacy     

JM Morton  NJ Phillips  LF Taylor  MR McGowan 《Australian veterinary journal》2013,91(12):517-524

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Filtration of homogenised tissue samples to improve the diagnostic detection of Mycoplasma bovis by sandwich ELISA     

Blackburn P  Brooks C  Ball HJ 《The Veterinary record》2008,163(17):514-515

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Macroinvertebrate frequency data for the RIVPACS III sites in Northern Ireland and some comparisons with equivalent data for Great Britain     

J.F. Wright  R.J.M. Gunn  J.H. Blackburn  N.J. Grieve  J.M. Winder  J. Davy‐Bowker 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2000,10(5):371-389

1. A total of 313 macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded from the 70 running‐water sites in the R iver I nV ertebrate P rediction A nd C lassification S ystem (RIVPACS III) dataset for Northern Ireland, after the application of a standardization procedure to ensure that all samples were identified to the same taxonomic level. The listing includes a small number of oligochaetes not previously reported from Ireland. The frequency of occurrence of the 313 taxa within the Northern Ireland dataset is also presented. 2. The taxonomic composition and frequency of occurrence of taxa in the Northern Ireland dataset were then compared with the 614 site dataset for Great Britain, which included 637 taxa, and a 75 site subset within Britain at a similar latitude to Northern Ireland with 333 taxa. 3. The macroinvertebrate fauna of Northern Ireland is dominated by taxa recorded at the highest frequencies of occurrence in Britain. Some notable absences are highlighted and, in particular, a small number of lotic mayflies and stoneflies which are common in Great Britain. There is documentary evidence of the introduction by man of a number of non‐insect taxa, either deliberately or by accident. 4. A detailed knowledge of the present composition of the macroinvertebrate fauna of running‐water sites in Northern Ireland, and an active research programme on the potential for new colonists to pose a threat to native species, are important factors in the future conservation of the freshwater fauna. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Composting to sanitize plant‐based waste infected with organisms of plant health importance          下载免费PDF全文

G. Kerins  J. Blackburn  T. Nixon  M. Daly  C. Conyers  S. Pietravalle  R. Noble  C. M. Henry 《Plant pathology》2018,67(2):411-417

The potential for using the composting process to sanitize plant waste infected with one of three plant pathogens was investigated using bench‐scale composting equipment. Two of these pathogens, the potato wart disease fungus Synchytrium endobioticum and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) are currently subject to European quarantine regulations. The third, Polymyxa betae, a parasite of sugar beet, is regulated in some European countries when in association with Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), the causal organism of rhizomania disease of sugar beet. Survival of test organisms following various combinations of compost temperature, exposure time and moisture was determined using RNA‐based detection methodology and/or plant‐based bioassays. Mathematically definable relationships between compost treatment (temperature/time) and organism viability were identified for P. betae and S. endobioticum; these give some indication of the practicality of using composting for dealing with infected wastes. However, for PSTVd, the considerable variability in measured susceptibility of the viroid to the composting process meant that no such definable relationship could be determined and further work would be needed to extrapolate to practical situations.  相似文献   

The Influence of Oxygen Tension on Cumulus Cell Viability of Canine COCs Matured in High-Glucose Medium     

AEF Silva  P Rodriguez  LF Cavalcante  BA Rodrigues  JL Rodrigues 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2009,44(S2):259-262

High in vitro oxygen (O₂) tensions are associated with enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species and cumulus oocyte complex (COC) apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of O₂ tension on cumulus cell (CC) viability from canine oocytes. Cumulus oocyte complexes were distributed into three groups (CG, T20 and T5) and two O₂ tension levels (20% and 5%). The control group (CG) was matured in vitro in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂ in air in TCM199 with 26.19 m m sodium bicarbonate, 10% (v/v) foetal calf serum (FCS), 0.10 m m gentamicin, 0.20 m m pyruvic acid, 20 μg/ml oestradiol, 0.5 μg/ml follicle-stimulating hormone, 0.03 IU/ml human chorionic gonadotropin, and 1.0 μg/ml human somatotropin. Groups T20 and T5 were matured under 20% or 5% O₂ tensions respectively in a high-glucose medium, without FCS. T20 and T5 were as CG, and supplemented with 0.1% Polyvinyl Alcohol, and 5.5 m m glucose. After 48 h of IVM, CCs from COCs were stained with propidium iodide (1.50 m m ). The results showed that viability of CCs (cytoplasmic features and nuclear morphological integrity) was different for the three groups. Rates of apoptosis were at 57.9% (521/900) for CG, 54.4% (490/900) for T20 and 38.9% (350/900) for T5 (p < 0.001). Predominant features in apoptotic cells (n = 1361) were DNA nuclear fragments (94.0%). It was concluded that CCs of canine COCs cultured in high-glucose medium showed significantly less apoptosis than those cultured in medium with FCS. Low O₂ tension was efficient in reducing apoptosis in canine CCs.  相似文献   

Animal genetic resource trade flows: Economic assessment     

Douglas Gollin  Eric Van Dusen  Harvey Blackburn   《Livestock Science》2009,120(3):248

Throughout human history, livestock producers have relied on a vibrant international exchange of genetic resources to achieve improvements in the quality and productivity of their animals. In recent years, however, some observers have argued that changes in the legal, technological, and economic environment now imply that international exchanges of animal genetic resources (AnGR) systematically benefit rich countries at the expense of poor countries. It is argued that international flows of AnGR are displacing the indigenous animal genetic resources of developing countries, and also that the genetic wealth of the developing world is being expropriated by rich countries.In reaction, there have been growing calls for limitations and/or barriers to the exchange of animal genetic resources. These discussions, however, seem to be based on limited information about the magnitude and direction of current trade flows in AnGR. This paper offers an analysis of AnGR trade flows from 1990 to 2005. The paper draws on national-level data from 150 countries that reported information to the United Nations Statistics Division. Three major trade categories were evaluated: live cattle and pigs for breeding, and cattle semen.Over the period studied, Europe and North America were the primary exporters of genetic resources for the species evaluated. OECD countries accounted for 98.7, 92.5, and 95% of cattle semen, live cattle, and swine exports in 2005, respectively. In evaluating the direction of trade between developed (North) and developing (South) countries, North–North trade had the largest magnitude, followed by North–South, South–South, and South–North. The data do not support the notion that Southern genetic resources are being used on a large scale in the North. We believe that importation from South to North is limited by the vast discrepancies in production efficiency and production systems between countries in the North and South.Given the low volume of South–North exchange, it seems doubtful that sufficient revenues could be acquired through a “benefit-sharing mechanism” to have any substantial impact on in situ or ex situ conservation efforts, or to generate benefits for poor livestock keepers in developing countries. We question whether global agreements or restrictions on trade will achieve the desired goal of conserving rare breeds and threatened genetic resources. We also doubt whether these agreements will succeed in improving the well-being of the poor. We suggest that resources instead be urgently employed for conservation and that more direct measures should be taken to aid poor farmers, ranchers, and herders in their efforts to conserve genetic resources.  相似文献   

Animal genetic resource trade flows: The utilization of newly imported breeds and the gene flow of imported animals in the United States of America     

Harvey Blackburn  Douglas Gollin 《Livestock Science》2009,120(3):240

Animal germplasm exchange has recently received attention as a product of the FAO's State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources effort. Some have advocated a need to explore policies and regulations on the exchange of germplasm (e.g., Hiemstra, S.J., Drucker, A., Tvedt, M., Louwaars, N., Oldenbroek, J., Awgichew, K., Kebede, S., Bhat, P., da Silva Mariante, A. 2006. Exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources: policies and regulatory options. Centre for Genetic Resources. Wageningen Univ., the Netherlands, pp. 1­43). However, there has been little comprehensive assessment of either the economic or genetic impact of introduced germplasm into national populations. As a result, much of the discussion of gene flows has been based on assumptions and generalizations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the genetic impact of germplasm imported into the United States during the last 25 to 50 years. The paper considers both new breeds (Meishan pigs, Tuli cattle, and Boer goats) and new animals within existing breeds (Limousin and Jersey cattle). Of the new breeds recently imported only one had an impact on US animal agriculture. Neither the Tuli nor the Meishan has impacted the US livestock industry. It appears that these breeds were initially viewed as attractive because of single traits, but producers did not find it attractive to adopt the new breeds based on these specific traits. In the end, these breeds did not prove competitive in the US under the current set of market conditions. This result would indicate that importation of new genetic resources due to a single trait of interest is not a viable importation strategy. By contrast, the Boer goat exhibited a number of production characteristics which made it desirable to US producers and thereby allowed the breed to become well established. A second portion of the study evaluated the importation and parentage pattern of Limousin cattle as they became established in the U. S. and the gene flow of imported Jersey cattle since the 1950′s. In both cases, the study relied on pedigree analysis. Over the past fifty years, Jersey cattle have been sporadically imported from various countries, but no imported animal has had an overpowering effect on the population. It appears that by the great-grand progeny level, the genes from imported animals are diminishing rather than increasing in the population. In evaluating the predicted transmitting abilities for imported cattle relative to high and moderately ranked domestically bred cattle, there were significant differences between these groups for milk production. This would be sufficient to explain why the impact of the imported cattle diminished. The results of our analysis at both the breed and individual level underscore the speculative nature of germplasm importation — even within breeds where there is a great deal of information available about production characteristics. From this analysis, we conclude that successful importation of new breeds into the US must be based on a large number of production characteristics; importation for a single characteristic (e.g., high prolificacy) while the breed is deficient in other areas does not lead to the breed's adoption. While not fully explored in this work, it appears that initial interest and acceptance from the private sector is crucial for breed acceptance, as the Boer goat demonstrates. Within an existing breed, importation of individual animals still appears to have a relatively high degree of risk and is dependent upon the importer's ability to pick viable candidates. However, once animals are imported their progeny must effectively compete with the domestic population, or else their genetic contribution will rapidly diminish.  相似文献   

Post‐viraemic detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus by use of autogenous lymphoid tissue‐derived bovine primary cell cultures          下载免费PDF全文

R Barigye  S Davis  R Hunt  N Hunt  S Walsh  N Elliott  K Dyrting  R Weir  LF Melville 《Australian veterinary journal》2017,95(1-2):49-52

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Genetic structure and diversity among sheep breeds in the United States: identification of the major gene pools     

Blackburn HD  Paiva SR  Wildeus S  Getz W  Waldron D  Stobart R  Bixby D  Purdy PH  Welsh C  Spiller S  Brown M 《Journal of animal science》2011,89(8):2336-2348

Understanding existing levels of genetic diversity of sheep breeds facilitates in situ and ex situ conservation activities. A comprehensive evaluation of US sheep breeds has not been previously performed; therefore, we evaluated the genetic diversity among and within 28 US sheep breeds. Both major and minor breeds were included in the analysis and consisted of 666 animals from 222 producers located in 38 states. The level of within-breed genetic diversity was variable and not dependent upon status of a breed as a major or minor breed. Bayesian cluster analysis indicated the breeds were grouped more by physiological differences (meat vs. wool production) rather than geographic origin. Results suggest several actionable items to improve in situ and ex situ conservation. The results clearly identify breeds in need of increased in situ and ex situ management (e.g., Hog Island and Karakul) and allow several suggestions for in situ management of flocks. Conversely, several of the breeds appear genetically similar and therefore require less emphasis on collecting germplasm samples for the gene bank. Commercially important breeds (e.g., Rambouillet and Suffolk) were found to have substantial variation, which should enable breeders to proceed, unencumbered by genetic diversity concerns, with selection strategies that maximize profit.  相似文献   

Observations on antibody levels associated with active and passive immunity to African horse sickness     

N. K. Blackburn  R. Swanepoel 《Tropical animal health and production》1988,20(4):203-210

Summary Tests for neutralising (NT) antibodies to the nine serotypes of African horse sickness (AHS) virus on the sera of three groups of horses confirmed that an increasing number of immunisations with vaccine containing attenuated strains of serotypes 1 to 6 of the virus, leads to broader response to the various serotypes and to higher individual titres. Nevertheless some horses failed to respond to one or more serotypes despite receiving numerous immunisations and it was clear that vaccine containing only serotypes 1 to 6 could not be relied upon to induce adequate cross-immunity to serotypes 7 to 9 of the virus. Highest antibody titres and broadest cross-reactivity were recorded in a fourth group of horses which had apparently suffered natural infection recently. The levels of antibody acquired from colostrum by seven foals generally correlated well with the levels of antibody in the sera of their dams and the rate of decline of passively acquired antibody was proportional to initial titre. Antibodies to individual serotypes of virus declined to undetectable levels in two to four months from birth in some instances implying that susceptibility to infection could occur well before the age of six to nine months which is commonly recommended for initial immunisation. Vaccination of eight foals at three to four months of age resulted in weak antibody response but did not adversely affect pre-existing low levels of maternal antibody so that early immunisation could be recommended as a means for attempting to control the losses of foals experienced in Zimbabwe.

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Observaciones De Niveles De Anticuerpos Asociados Inmunidad Pasiva Y Activa De Peste Equina Africana

Resumen Pruebas de seroneutralización para detectar los nueve seroptipos del virus de la peste equina africana, realizadas en tres grupos de caballos, confirmaron que un número significativo de inmunizaciones con vacunas con las correspondientes cepas de seis serotipos del virus, confirieron amplia inmunidad contra los diversos serotipos de la enfermedad y respuestas individuales altas. Sin embargo, algunos de los caballos no respondieron adecuadamente a uno o más serotipos, a pesar de varias inmunizaciones, evidenciándose que las vacunas contra los serotipos 1 al 6 no son confiables para esperar una adecuada inmunidad contra los serotipos 7 y 9 del virus. Un nivel más alto de anticuerpos y una mayor reactividad cruzada, se detectó en caballos que habían sufrido la enfermedad recientemente. Los niveles de anticuerpos adquiridos a través del calostro en siete potros, correlacionaron bien con el nivel de anticuerpos detectados en el suero de las madres. La tasa de desaparición de la inmunidad adquirida, fue proporcional a los títulos iniciales encontrados en las madres. Los anticuerpos contra los diversos serotipos del virus, declinaron hasta niveles indetectables entre dos y cuatro meses de edad, implicando que la susceptibilidad de la infección, puede ocurrir antes de los seis a nueve meses cuando se recomienda vacunar por primera vez. La vacunación de ocho potros a los tres y cuatro meses de edad, dió como resultado una pobre respuesta inmune sin que afectara el nivel de anticuerpos maternos presentes, de manera tal, que la inmunización temprana puede recomendarse para evitar pérdidas tempranas en potros en Zimbabwe.

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Observations Sur Les Taux d'Anticorps Associes Avec l'Immunite Active Et Passive Vis-A-Vis De La Peste Equine

Résumé Des tests pour la recherche des anticorps neutralisants pour les neuf sérotypes du virus de la peste équine dans les sérums de trois groupes de chevaux ont confirmé qu'un nombre croissant d'immunisations avec un vaccin contenant les souches atténuées des sérotypes 1 à 6 du virus de la peste équine conduisait à une réponse plus large vis-à-vis des différents sérotypes et à des titres individuels plus élevés. Néanmoins, quelques chevaux ne répondent pas à un ou plusieurs sérotypes bien qu'ayant reçu de nombreuses immunisations; il est clair que l'on ne peut compter sur un vaccin ne contenant que les sérotypes 1 à 6 pour induire une immunité croisée adéquate pour les sérotypes 7 à 9. Les titres en anticorps les plus élevés et la réactivité croisée la plus large ont été observés dans un quatrième groupe de chevaux qui avait apparemment souffert recemment d'une infection naturelle. Chez sept poulains, les teneurs en anticorps provenant du colostrum avaient une bonne corrélation avec les taux en anticorps du sérum de leur mères, et le déclin des anticorps transmis passivement était proportionnel au titre initial. Pour quelques cas, les anticorps pour certains sérotypes sont déclinés à des taux non détectables en deux à quatre mois après la naissance, avec l'implication que la réceptivité à l'infection peut se manifester bien avant lâge de six à neuf mois communément recommandé pour l'immunisation initiale. La vaccination de huit poulains âgés de trois à quatre mois a résulté en une faible réponse en anticorps mais n'a pas affecté défavorablement les faibles titres préexistant d'anticorps maternels; l'immunisation précoce peut donc être recommandée pour tenter de contrôler les pertes en poulains recontréees au Zimbabwé.

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