The newly proposed EU risk assessment concept for the sediment compartment     

Caroline Riedhammer  Beatrice Schwarz-Schulz 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2001,1(2):105-110

Within the frame of the EU Existing Chemicals Regulation (793/93/EEC), a new concept for the assessment of the sediment compartment has been developed. During the assessment process it has become clear that for substances that strongly adsorb or bind to sediment the equilibrium partitioning method (EPM) presently employed is not sufficient. The new approach is therefore based on long-term sediment tests with benthic organisms. A testing strategy has been developed which considers species which represent different habitats and feeding strategies in order to adequately address all possible routes of exposure. The new concept has proven to be valuable in risk assessments, two examples (3,4-DCA, DODMAC) of which are shown in more detail.  相似文献   

Linking the B ring hydroxylation pattern of condensed tannins to C, N and P mineralization. A case study using four tannins     

Klaas G.J. Nierop  Caroline M. Preston 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(9):2794-2802

Condensed tannins (CTs) are a major component of litter inputs, but little is known about the effects of tannin structural variations on soil biological processes and organic matter development. Four different CTs extracted from balsam fir, western red cedar, kalmia and black spruce were added to Corsican pine litter and subsequently incubated for 16 weeks in order to investigate the effect of the B ring hydroxylation pattern on C, N and P transformations. While for C mineralization the chain length and stereochemistry of the CTs seemed to be a more important parameter, net N and P mineralization rates were clearly reduced compared with non-amended litter. With regard to the B ring hydroxylation, the prodelphinidin (PD) CTs having predominantly three hydroxy groups at the B ring (balsam fir and western red cedar) exhibited significantly lower mineralization rates than the procyanidin (PC) CTs having two OH groups (kalmia and black spruce). The same was true for net nitrification, but this process was only slightly affected by the CTs. Although based on only four CTs, this study indicates that B ring hydroxylation is an important variable determining net N and P mineralization rates. Our results support previous suggestions that PD tannins bind to or react more strongly with soil organic matter. Therefore, more than PC tannins, they reduce the availability of organic N for mineralization as well as their own detectability by standard methods for soil CT.  相似文献   

Host immune responses after administration of inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccines—III. Kinetics for neutralizing antibody immunoglobulin class responses in donors and adoptively-immunized recipients     

Stanley G Rabinowitz  Jayashree Huprikar  Caroline Whitacre 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1979,1(4):295-303

C57B16 mice were immunized with either live, attenuated TC-83 strain VEE virus vaccine or formalin-inactivated VEE vaccine combined with Bordetella pertussis. The kinetics of specific donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE neutralizing antibody responses were studied. Donor mice immunized with either live or inactivated VEE virus vaccine combined with potent adjuvants develop specific anti-VEE IgM and IgG responses as early as 7 days post-immunization. Anti-VEE IgM antibody responses comprise the majority of anti-VEE neutralizing antibody at this early time period. By 14 to 21 days post-immunization, anti-VEE IgG responses predominated. When adoptively-immunized recipients were studied, the anti-VEE IgM to IgG predominance seen in donors early after administration was reversed, and for each time-period studied, recipients' serum anti-VEE antibody class responses consisted principally of IgG rather than IgM antibody. Since T-cells cooperation with B-cells is critical in the IgM-IgG antibody shift, these studies support the critical role T-cells exert in adoptive transfer in a murine model of experimental VEE infection. Furthermore, immunization with either live or inactivated VEE vaccine coupled to a potent adjuvant induce comparable donor and adoptively-immunized recipient anti-VEE antibody class responses.  相似文献   

Approaches to teaching animal welfare at 13 veterinary schools worldwide     

Hewson CJ  Baranyiová E  Broom DM  Cockram MS  Galindo F  Hanlon AJ  Hanninen L  Hewson C  Lexer D  Mellor DJ  Molento CF  Odberg FO  Serpell JA  Maria Sisto A  Stafford KJ  Stookey JM  Waldau P 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2005,32(4):422-437

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A preliminary equine abuse policy with potential application to veterinary practice     

Christie JL  Hewson CJ  Riley CB  McNiven MA  Dohoo IR  Bate LA 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2005,46(3):250-252

An equine abuse policy was developed as an adjunct to an equine management survey. If at least 3 of 5 categories caused concern, a report to the authorities was indicated. The policy was not used but, in the absence of other guidelines, it might assist veterinarians considering potential abuse cases.  相似文献   

Acral mutilation and analgesia in 13 French spaniels     

Paradis M  de Jaham C  Page N  Sauve F  Helie P 《Veterinary dermatology》2005,16(2):87-93

Acral mutilation and analgesia (AMA) is reported in 13 French spaniels in Canada. This newly recognized disorder shares striking similarities in clinical features and biopsy findings to the other acral mutilation syndromes or hereditary sensory neuropathies reported in German short-haired pointer dogs, English pointer dogs and English springer spaniels. Clinical signs are first noted between 3.5 and 12 months of age. Affected dogs lick, bite and severely self-mutilate their distal extremities resulting in ulcers with secondary bacterial infection. Auto-amputation of claws, digits and footpads occurs in severe cases. Single or multiple feet can be affected. Affected dogs walked on their severely mutilated feet without evidence of pain, lameness, or ataxia. The majority of the dogs were euthanized within days to months of diagnosis.  相似文献   

Wobbler syndrome in pedigree rams     

Penny CD  Hahn C  Macrae A  Mayhew J 《The Veterinary record》2005,156(10):327

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Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy     

Hahn C 《The Veterinary record》2005,156(9):292

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Oesophageal strictures in cats associated with doxycycline therapy     

German AJ  Cannon MJ  Dye C  Booth MJ  Pearson GR  Reay CA  Gruffydd-Jones TJ 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2005,7(1):33-41

Four cases of oesophageal stricture subsequent to doxycycline administration are reported. All cases were young to middle age (median age 3 years; range 1-7 years), and either domestic shorthair or domestic longhair breed. In all cases the predominant clinical sign was regurgitation, which developed at variable times after doxycycline administration. In all cases the reason for doxycycline use was treatment or prophylaxis of suspected infections (Mycoplasma haemofelis, Chlamydophila felis or Bordetella bronchiseptica), and the duration of therapy was variable. In one case the stricture was definitively diagnosed at post mortem examination, in the three other cases, definitive diagnosis was by endoscopy. Balloon dilation was successful in the three cases that were treated. This is the largest case series, to date, of oesophageal disease in cats associated with doxycycline administration. Caution should be exercised when administering oral medication to cats, especially doxycycline, and should be accompanied either by a water or food swallow.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the bioequivalence of two formulations of deltamethrin for treatment of sheep with psoroptic mange     

Cadiergues MC  Laguerre C  Roques M  Franc M 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(2):151-154

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy of 2 deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrates that differed on the basis of vehicle (methyl glycol acetate [AMG] or 2-propylene glycol 1-methyl ether acetate [AMP]) for the treatment of sheep with mange. ANIMALS: 30 ewes between 11 months and 7 years old that weighed 16 to 71 kg and were naturally infested with Psoroptes ovis. PROCEDURE: Sheep were randomly allocated into 3 groups (13 sheep in group AMP, 13 sheep in group AMG, and 4 negative-control sheep). Each sheep was dipped twice (10-day interval between dippings) in the assigned formulation. Assessment of efficacy was performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63 after the first dipping. Efficacy was assessed by determining the number of eggs or live mites on those days, as well as regrowth of wool at the end of the study. RESULTS: Psoroptic mange infestation was maintained in the 4 control sheep throughout the study. We did not detect live Psoroptes mites in scrapings after day 7 (AMP group) or after day 14 (AMG group). No parasites were seen after day 14 in either treatment group. Therefore, efficacy was 100% for both treatment groups from days 14 to 63. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The 2 formulations of deltamethrin were equally able to eradicate Psoroptes infestation of sheep after 2 dippings performed in accordance with the label recommendations.  相似文献