Factors (type,colour, density,and shape) determining the removal of marine plastic debris by seabirds from the South Pacific Ocean: Is there a pattern?     

Valeria Hidalgo-Ruz  Guillermo Luna-Jorquera  Marcus Eriksen  Hanna Frick  Diego Miranda-Urbina  Matias Portflitt-Toro  Marcelo M. Rivadeneira  Christopher J.R. Robertson  R. Paul Scofield  Juan Serratosa  Cristián G. Suazo  Martin Thiel 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(2):389-407

1. While floating near the sea surface plastic debris interacts with a number of external factors, including many different organisms. Seabirds have the most extensive documented history of interactions with plastics, through ingestion, entanglement, and nest construction.
2. In the present study, eight seabird species from the South Pacific Ocean were used as a proxy to determine potential patterns of removal of marine plastic debris, and three hypotheses were tested in relation to their feeding habits and nesting areas.
3. Plastics from abiotic compartments (Chilean continental coast, South Pacific Gyre, and Rapa Nui beaches) and biotic compartments (surface-feeding seabirds, diving seabirds, and nesting areas) were compared, according to their type, colour, shape, and density.
4. Continental beaches had a relatively wide range of colours and shapes, with many non-buoyant plastics. Samples from the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) and Rapa Nui (Easter Island) beaches comprised mainly hard, rounded, buoyant, and white/grey plastics.
5. These results indicate that the composition of floating plastics from terrestrial sources changes during transport with oceanic currents, reducing the proportion of prey-like plastics present in the subtropical gyres.
6. The stomach contents of surface-feeding and diving seabirds were dominated by hard, white/grey, and round plastic items, similar to plastics from the SPG, suggesting non-selective (accidental or secondary) ingestion.
7. Nesting areas had a more variable composition of brightly coloured plastics, suggesting a pattern of selective removal of plastics by seabirds, probably from oceanic sources.
8. The present study reveals extensive interactions of seabirds with plastics on a broader scale, which is highly relevant given that the impacts of plastics on seabirds are increasing worldwide, compromising their efficient conservation.

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Search for partial resistance against Puccinia hordei in barley landraces from the Fertile Crescent     

M. J. Y. Shtaya    J. C. Sillero    D. Rubiales 《Plant Breeding》2006,125(4):343-346

A collection of 111 barley landraces from the Fertile Crescent was screened for resistance to barley leaf rust in the field and under controlled conditions. Large variation was observed for disease severity under field conditions. Accessions with high resistance because of hypersensitivity were identified. Also segregation was observed in some accessions, with individual plants showing hypersensitive reactions (IT ≤ 6). Partial resistance due to a reduction of infection in spite of a compatible infection was commonly found (19%). Resistance of 12 accessions selected for their low disease severity and high IT, was shown to be due to a prolonged latency period and increased percentage of early aborted colonies not associated with host cell necrosis. A high correlation was observed between the microscopic and macroscopic components of partial resistance.  相似文献   

Geoarchaeology and micromorphology of Abric de la Cativera (Catalonia, Spain)     

Diego E. Angelucci   《CATENA》2003,54(3):573

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Grouping of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tectona grandis</Emphasis> (L.f.) clones using wood color and stiffness     

Róger Moya  Juan Diego Marín 《New Forests》2011,42(3):329-345

Commercial Tectona grandis plantations using clones have attracted considerable interest for lumber production in tropical regions where small areas are frequent. However, studies on wood properties are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to group clones with similar wood color characteristics using the CIELab system, and mechanical resistance by dynamic stiffness (Ed) in order to obtain different types of clones for different climate and edaphic conditions. It was found that lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), redness (a*), and Ed are similar to those found for other plantation trees. These wood characteristics are significantly influenced by clone and site. Variance due to clone and site went from 31 to 53% and from 2.95 to 24.22%, respectively. Another source of variance was distance from pith, with the exception of parameter b*, which was not affected. Finally, clones were grouped (using multivariate analysis) according to color and mechanical resistance. This analysis established 4 groups by color and 5 groups by Ed. Clone clustering will allow us to choose or use clones with similar wood properties according to site and environmental conditions increasing area production and wood quality uniformity.  相似文献   

DRIS norms and limiting nutrients in banana cultivation in the South of Ecuador     

Diego Villaseñor  Renato de Mello Prado  Gilmara Pereira da Silva  Manuel Carrillo  Wuellins Durango 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(18):2785-2796

Abstract

Foliar analysis is an effective method to diagnose the nutritional status of plants. However, the mineral concentration in foliar tissue has traditionally been evaluated by assessing the activity of each element, without considering the interactions between them. To address this, dual interactions were calculated using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to identify which crop nutrients are most influential in nutrient imbalances and which are the most limiting nutrients for the nutritional status of banana crops in Ecuador. To achieve this, a regional survey of the nutritional status and its productivity levels was conducted for 188 different sites during the crop season in 2017–2018, involving banana cultivars ‘Vallery’ and ‘Williams’, from the Cavendish subgroup. The DRIS calculation method was combined with Beaufils and Jones functions. From the initial 188 foliar samples, 83 samples (representing 44% of the population) were considered to represent the high-yield reference population, with yields of 38–60 t ha^?1. The DRIS method defined the mean nutritional balance index, which was not found to be statistically correlated (p?>?0.05) with productivity, revealing that there was no significant association with the nutritional status of the plants. Specific DRIS norms were obtained and indicated that deficiencies in K, N, Ca, and Fe, and excesses in Mn, B, Cl, Zn, S, Cu, and Mg were the most limiting nutrients for banana cultivars in the south of Ecuador.  相似文献   

Human gene expression as a tool to determine horticultural maturity in a bioactive plant (Echinacea purpurea L. Moench)     

Brovelli EA  Rua D  Roh-Schmidt H  Chandra A  Lamont E  Noratto GD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(21):8156-8161

A phenological study was conducted to determine the impact of harvest maturity on the immune-modulating properties of Echinacea purpurea. The aerial parts of this plant were collected during seven stages of development and were assayed for a common botanical marker for this species, cichoric acid. Plants of selected development stages were also assayed for total polysaccharides and compared for their immune-modulating effects on the THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cell line by means of a gene expression study. Although the concentration of cichoric acid did not change significantly during the course of the study, stage 1 (advanced vegetative) had the highest concentration of total polysaccharides and exhibited the most potent induction activity on immune-modulating cytokines such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These findings suggest that the use of gene expression may be an effective tool not only to standardize botanical extracts but also to optimize harvest time.  相似文献   

Analysis of virgin olive oil volatiles by a novel electronic nose based on a miniaturized SAW sensor array coupled with SPME enhanced headspace enrichment     

García-González DL  Barie N  Rapp M  Aparicio R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(25):7475-7479

A novel electronic nose based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor array has been used to analyze different quality virgin olive oils. A mathematical model was designed with 37 samples to distinguish lampante from the other virgin olive oils categories (extra-virgin and virgin), because lampante-virgin olive oils cannot be consumed without a previous refining process. The model, successfully validated with a test set of 16 samples, was able to classify 90% of the samples correctly. Misclassifications were explained by SPME-HRGC analyses and a second sensory evaluation.  相似文献   

Radar soundings of the subsurface of Mars   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Picardi G  Plaut JJ  Biccari D  Bombaci O  Calabrese D  Cartacci M  Cicchetti A  Clifford SM  Edenhofer P  Farrell WM  Federico C  Frigeri A  Gurnett DA  Hagfors T  Heggy E  Herique A  Huff RL  Ivanov AB  Johnson WT  Jordan RL  Kirchner DL  Kofman W  Leuschen CJ  Nielsen E  Orosei R  Pettinelli E  Phillips RJ  Plettemeier D  Safaeinili A  Seu R  Stofan ER  Vannaroni G  Watters TR  Zampolini E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5756):1925-1928

The martian subsurface has been probed to kilometer depths by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument aboard the Mars Express orbiter. Signals penetrate the polar layered deposits, probably imaging the base of the deposits. Data from the northern lowlands of Chryse Planitia have revealed a shallowly buried quasi-circular structure about 250 kilometers in diameter that is interpreted to be an impact basin. In addition, a planar reflector associated with the basin structure may indicate the presence of a low-loss deposit that is more than 1 kilometer thick.  相似文献   

A green algal apicoplast ancestor     

Funes S  Davidson E  Reyes-Prieto A  Magallón S  Herion P  King MP  González-Halphen D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5601):2155

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Stability of retrieved memory: inverse correlation with trace dominance     

Eisenberg M  Kobilo T  Berman DE  Dudai Y 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5636):1102-1104

In memory consolidation, the memory trace stabilizes and becomes resistant to certain amnesic agents. The textbook account is that for any memorized item, consolidation starts and ends just once. However, evidence has accumulated that upon activation in retrieval, the trace may reconsolidate. Whereas some authors reported transient renewed susceptibility of retrieved memories to consolidation blockers, others could not detect it. Here, we report that in both conditioned taste aversion in the rat and fear conditioning in the medaka fish, the stability of retrieved memory is inversely correlated with the control of behavior by that memory. This result may explain some conflicting findings on reconsolidation of activated memories.  相似文献