Small-scale fisheries and local food systems: Transformations,threats and opportunities     

Robert I Arthur  Daniel J Skerritt  Anna Schuhbauer  Naazia Ebrahim  Richard M Friend  U Rashid Sumaila 《Fish and Fisheries》2022,23(1):109-124

Fish from marine and inland capture fisheries is an important food that contributes significantly to diets and health, but their contribution is somewhat overlooked in food security and poverty-related policies. Given the current numbers of malnourished people globally, there is a pressing need to consider how to better realize the potential of fish in food systems that can address malnourishment. To do so, we re-examine the fisheries literature from the perspective of food systems. Starting with nutritional needs and considering how these may be met through local food systems reveals an ongoing transformation that has implications for small-scale fisheries, as increasingly become part of globalized food systems. We describe the factors that can change the nature of production, mediate access to fish and the distribution of benefits that can lead to impoverishment. This emphasizes the governance challenges that lie at the heart of complex, contested and increasingly globalized food systems, in which actors interact to shape the systems, determining who benefits and how. We draw attention to critical issues of access, power and the values and norms that underpin efforts to manage and transform fisheries, exposing the unequal struggle to secure access that small-scale fishers and poor people must endure. We suggest a vital challenge for fisheries management is to engage with this struggle and develop policies and management measures that would enable fisheries to make positive contributions to food systems and nutritional security, while meeting global sustainable development objectives.  相似文献   

Genotype×tillage interaction and the performance of winter bread wheat genotypes in temperate and cold dryland conditions          下载免费PDF全文

Ebrahim ROOHI  Reza MOHAMMADI  Abdoul Aziz NIANE  Javad VAFABAKHSH  Mozaffar ROUSTAEE  Mohammad Reza JALAL KAMALI  Shahriar SOHRABI  Shahriar FATEHI  Hossain TARIMORADI 《农业科学学报》2022,21(11):3199-3215

Growing concerns for food security and the alleviation of hunger necessitate knowledge-based crop management technologies for sustainable crop production. In this study, 13 winter bread wheat genotypes (old, relatively old, modern, and breeding lines) were evaluated under three different tillage systems, i.e., conventional tillage (CT, full tillage with residue removed), reduced tillage (RT, chisel tillage with residue retained) and no-tillage (NT, no-tillage with residue retained on the soil surface) in farmer's fields under rainfed conditions using strip-plot arrangements in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the west of Iran (Kamyaran and Hosseinabad locations) over two cropping seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020).The main objectives were to investigate the effects of tillage systems and growing conditions on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield and stability performance of rainfed winter bread wheat genotypes.Significant (P<0.01) genotype×tillage system interaction effects on grain yield and agronomic traits suggested that the genotypes responded differently to the different tillage systems. The number of grains per spike and plant height were positively (P<0.0) associated with grain yield under the NT system, so they may be considered as targeted traits for future wheat breeding. Using statistical models, the modern cultivars (“Sadra” and “Baran”) were identified as high yielding and showed yield stability across the different tillage systems. As per each tillage system, genotype “Sadra” followed by “Zargana-6//Dari 1-7 Sabalan” exhibited higher adaption to CT; while cultivars “Jam” and “Azar2” showed better performance under the RT system; and cultivars “Varan” and “Baran” tended to have better performance expression in the NT condition.The increased grain yields achieved in combination with lower costs and greater profits from conservation agriculture suggest that adapted cultivar and NT systems should be evaluated and promoted more widely to farmers in the west of Iran as an attractive package of crop management technologies.In conclusion, variations in the performance of genotypes and the significant genotype×tillage system interaction effects on grain yield and some agronomic traits assessed in this study suggest that the development and selection of cultivars adapted to the NT system should be considered and included in the strategies and objectives of winter wheat breeding programs for the temperate and cold dryland conditions of Iran.  相似文献   

Microbial community dynamics during composting of animal manures contaminated with arsenic,copper,and oxytetracycline          下载免费PDF全文

Ebrahim SHEHATA  Deng-miao CHENG  Qian-qian MA  Yan-li LI  Yuan-wang LIU  Yao FENG  Zhen-yu JI  Zhao-jun LI 《农业科学学报》2021,20(6):1649-1659

Effects of the heavy metal copper(Cu), the metalloid arsenic(As), and the antibiotic oxytetracycline(OTC) on bacterial community structure and diversity during cow and pig manure composting were investigated. Eight treatments were applied, four to each manure type, namely cow manure with:(1) no additives(control),(2) addition of heavy metal and metalloid,(3) addition of OTC and(4) addition of OTC with heavy metal and metalloid; and pig manure with:(5) no additives(control),(6) addition of heavy metal and metalloid,(7) addition of OTC and(8) addition of OTC with heavy metal and metalloid. After 35 days of composting, according to the alpha diversity indices, the combination treatment(OTC with heavy metal and metalloid) in pig manure was less harmful to microbial diversity than the control or heavy metal and metalloid treatments. In cow manure, the treatment with heavy metal and metalloid was the most harmful to the microbial community, followed by the combination and OTC treatments. The OTC and combination treatments had negative effects on the relative abundance of microbes in cow manure composts. The dominant phyla in both manure composts included Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The microbial diversity relative abundance transformation was dependent on the composting time. Redundancy analysis(RDA) revealed that environmental parameters had the most influence on the bacterial communities. In conclusion, the composting process is the most sustainable technology for reducing heavy metal and metalloid impacts and antibiotic contamination in cow and pig manure. The physicochemical property variations in the manures had a significant effect on the microbial community during the composting process. This study provides an improved understanding of bacterial community composition and its changes during the composting process.  相似文献   

A 40-bp Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of Murine Double Minute2 (MDM2) Increased the Risk of Breast Cancer in Zahedan,Southeast Iran     

Mohammad Hashemi  Mohsen Omrani  Ebrahim Eskandari-Nasab  Seyed-Shahaboddin Hasani  Mohammad Ali Mashhadi  Mohsen Taheri 《Iranian Biomedical Journal》2014,18(4):245-249

Background: MDM2 (Murine Double Minute2) is an oncoprotein that inhibits the P53 activity. Overexpression of MDM2 gene has been reported in several human tumors. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of 40-bp insertion/deletion (ins/del) polymorphism on the promoter of MDM2 and susceptibility to breast cancer in a sample of Iranian population. Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 236 patients with breast cancer and 203 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood by the salting-out method. The 40-bp ins/del polymorphism was determined by using polymerase chain reaction. Results: The findings indicated that MDM2 ins/del variant increased the risk of breast cancer in co-dominant- (odds ratio [OR] = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.14-3.85, P = 0.018, del/del vs. ins/ins), dominant- (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.02-2.18, P = 0.038, ins/del + del/del vs. ins/ins), and recessive- (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.03-3.34, P = 0.038, del/del vs. ins/ins + ins/del) tested inheritance models. The del allele increased the risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11-1.98, P = 0.008) compared with ins allele. Conclusions: Our result revealed that 40-bp ins/del polymorphism in the promoter of MDM2 increased the risk of breast cancer in an Iranian population. Further investigations with larger sample sizes and diverse ethnicities are needed to verify our findings. Key Words: Breast cancer, Murine Double Minute2 (MDM2), Polymorphism  相似文献   

CD226 rs763361 (Gly307Ser) Polymorphism Is Associated with Susceptibility to Rheumatoid Arthritis in Zahedan,Southeast Iran     

Mohammad Hashemi  Zahra Zakeri  Ebrahim Eskandari-Nasab  Mahdi Atabaki  Seyed Mohammad Ebrahim Pourhosseini  Mehdi Jahantigh  Gholamreza Bahari  Mohsen Taheri 《Iranian Biomedical Journal》2013,17(4):194-199

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease with many genetic factors predisposing to disease susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of CD226 rs727088 and rs763361 polymorphisms and susceptibility to RA in a sample of the Iranian population. Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 100 patients with RA and 104 healthy subjects. The polymorphisms were determined using tetra amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: The rs763361 (Gly307Ser) polymorphism increased the risk of RA in codominant, dominant and recessive-tested inheritance models (odds ratio [OR] = 3.18, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 1.44-7.02, P = 0.004, CC vs. TT, and OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.10-3.57, P = 0.023, CC vs. CT-TT, and OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.26-5.37, P = 0.010, CC + CT vs. TT, respectively). In addition, the rs763361 T allele increased the risk of RA (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.38-3.08, P<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed among the groups regarding CD226 rs727088 polymorphism (χ2 = 3.20, P = 0.202). Conclusions: Our finding showed that CD226 rs763361, but not rs727088, gene polymorphism increased the risk of RA in a sample of the Iranian population.Key Words: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CD226, Polymorphism  相似文献   

Comparison the effects of metoclopramide and dropridol associated with dexamethasone on post operative nausea and vomiting     

Yousef M  Ebrahim N  Ebrahim A  Hosssain B 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2010,13(24):1219-1222

The aim of study was, comparison of effects of Metoclopramide and Dropridol associated with Dexamethasone on prevalence of nausea and vomiting after operation was considered. In this study 160 patients ASA physical status I were divided into two groups. In both groups, premedication and induction of anesthesia were given equally according to weight. To the first group, Metoclopramide associated with Dexamethasone and to the second group, Dropridol associated with Dexamethasone was ordered. At the end of the operation, after removing tracheal tube, prevalence of nausea and vomiting in both groups was considered after 2 h and results were analyzed with t-test and Chi-square. Ratio of nausea and vomiting after operation in the first group was 24% and in the second 8%. So results show that prevalence of nausea and vomiting in the second group was considerably lower than the first group (p < 0.004). According to the results of this study our conclusion, Dropridol with dexamethasone given at the before of general anesthesia was more effective in decreasing the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in patients compared with metoclopramide with dexamethasone.  相似文献   

Effects of Frying-Chilling-Reheating on the Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Cultured Sturgeon (Huso huso,Beluga) Fillets     

Mehdi Nikoo  Ebrahim Salehifar 《Journal Of Aquatic Food Product Technology》2013,22(2):120-129

Slices of Huso huso were fried, chilled, and then reheated to evaluate for the changes in lipid characteristics. The total lipid content of raw sample was 3.09 g/100 g which consists of 29.1 g/100 g saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 42.554 g/100 g monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and 28.126 g/100 g polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In fried samples, levels of C18 fatty acid groups, MUFAs, PUFAs, and n6/n3 ratio increased while SFAs, EPA, and DHA content decreased. Upon chill storage, C18:2 fatty acid and n6/n3 ratio decreased while n3 fatty acids increased slightly. Free fatty acid (FFA) decreased after frying, but peroxide value (PV) increased with subsequent decrease at chilled condition.  相似文献   

Description of a new species of seed-gall nematode, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anguina obesa</Emphasis> n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from northern Iran,and its phylogenetic relations with other species and genera     

Mahyar Mobasseri  Majid Pedram  Ebrahim Pourjam  Terry Bertozzi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,148(2):423-434

Anguina obesa n. sp., a new species of the genus, causing small seed galls inside the ovaries of foxtail weed plants (Alopecurus mysuroides Huds.) is described and illustrated based on its morphological and molecular characters. The new species is characterized by its 1516–2564 μm long obese females irregularly ventrally curved after fixation, having six lines in lateral fields, 6–9 μm long stylet with well-developed rounded knobs, constriction at junction of isthmus with the pharyngeal bulb, monodelphic-prodelphic female reproductive system, and conical, 60–80 μm long tail. Males of the new species are characterized with their slender 936–1420 μm long body, 25–30 μm long tylenchoid spicules, and bursa not reaching tail tip. Second stage juveniles of the new species were also common inside the galls and also recovered from soil in type locality. The new species is morphologically close to Anguina agropyronifloris, A. amsinckiae, A. paludicola and A. tumefaciens, but is more closely related to A. paludicola, from which it can be separated based on differences in morphological characters and internal transcribed spacer sequence. In Bayesian inference using sequences of the aforementioned genomic fragment, the new species formed a clade with A. agrostis, A. funesta, A. graminis, A. phalaridis and some unidentified isolates, with robust Bayesian posterior probability (BPP). The morphologically closest species, A. paludicola, occupied a separate position, outside of the clade containing the new species. The sequences of two other genomic fragments, 18S and 28S rDNA (D2/D3 region) were also made available for the new species. Morphological comparisons of the new species with the related species are discussed.  相似文献   

Effect of feeding olive-pulp ensiled with additives on feedlot performance and carcass attributes of fat-tailed lambs     

Mohammad Reza Taheri  Mohammad Javad Zamiri  Ebrahim Rowghani  Amir Akhlaghi 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,45(1):345-350

Feed cost has a significant effect on the economic efficiency of feedlot lambs; therefore, the use of low-cost non-conventional feedstuffs, such as olive pulp (OP), has the potential to decrease the production costs. Because optimum inclusion of OP-treated silages has not been determined in feedlot lambs, an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion of OP ensiled with additives in the diet on the feedlot performance and carcass attributes of feedlot lambs. Ram lambs of Mehraban and Ghezel breeds (n?=?50 lambs per breed) were randomly allotted to 10 groups and fed with one of the nine diets containing OP silage or a control diet. Silage treatments were: (1) OP silage without additives (OPS), (2) OP ensiled with 8 % beet molasses and 0.4 % formic acid (OP-MF), and (3) OP ensiled with 8 % beet molasses, 0.4 % formic acid and 0.5 % urea (OP-MFU). The control diet contained 50 % alfalfa hay and 50 % barley grain. Three levels from each silage were chosen to replace the barley grain (10, 20, or 30 % dry matter basis). The lambs were slaughtered after 92 days, and the average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass characteristics were determined. Feeding OPS to fat-tailed lambs, at an inclusion level of 30 %, decreased the carcass dressing percentage, mainly as a result of decreased brisket percentage, but the ADG and FCR values were not adversely affected. Ghezel lambs had higher ADG than Mehraban lambs, but the visceral fat weight percentage, flap weight percentage, and back fat depth were higher in Mehraban. The crude protein content in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle was higher in Ghezel, but the dry matter percentage was higher in Mehraban (P?<?0.05). Other attributes were not significantly affected by breed (P?>?0.05). Most carcass characteristics, including major cuts, were not affected by OPS feeding; therefore, feeding OPS (up to 30 %) can be economical for feedlot lambs. Most carcass characteristics, including major cuts, were not affected by OPS levels used in this experiment; therefore, inclusion of OPS (up to 30 %) in the diet may reduce the cost of raising feedlot lambs. This also could help alleviate the problem of storage of OP in oil factories.  相似文献   

Multilocus sequence analysis reveals a novel phylogroup of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans causing bacterial spot of tomato in Iran          下载免费PDF全文

E. Osdaghi  S. M. Taghavi  R. Koebnik  J. R. Lamichhane 《Plant pathology》2018,67(7):1601-1611

A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was performed on five housekeeping genes (fusA, gapA, gltA, lacF and lepA) of 22 Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains recently isolated from alfalfa, pepper and tomato plants in Iran. In addition, 161 strains isolated worldwide from pepper, poinsettia, rose and tomato plants were included in the analysis. All X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans isolates from tomato plants in Iran clustered in a monophyletic group, although five MLSA haplotypes were detected among them. The Iranian tomato strains presented 10 nucleotide differences in the lepA gene sequences compared to the known worldwide population of X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. Statistical analyses revealed a recombination event that had occurred in the lepA gene of the strains isolated from tomato in Iran. BOX‐PCR analysis confirmed the inclusion of Iranian tomato strains within X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. Furthermore, X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria strains isolated from pepper in Iran differed in one nucleotide in the lepA gene sequence from the known worldwide population of the pathovar, and clustered in a group containing strains isolated in Nigeria. The strains isolated from alfalfa in Iran clustered with the type strain of X. euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae. Altogether, the results reveal the existence of a phylogenetically novel population of X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans in Iran which needs further in‐depth analysis to pinpoint the epidemiological impact of these strains.  相似文献