Conventional and marked BHV-1 vaccines in Germany: a brief review     

Trapp S  König P  Beer M 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,116(5-6):208-215

Since 1997 infections of cattle with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) are regulated by the German government with obligatory measures. Eradication of the virus is based on two different concepts: German federal states with a low BHV-1-seroprevalence comply with a selection concept, that provides deletion of BHV-1-positive cattle and only exceptional vaccination. States with a high BHV-1-prevalence attempt to eradicate the virus using the marker concept. The marker concept is based on the vaccination with glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines and the accompanying serological differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. This review deals with both, conventional and marked BHV-1 vaccines, that are commercially available in Germany. Efficacy and safety of different inactivated vaccines and modified live vaccines have been evaluated in detail in several international experimental studies and field trials. Results of these studies are briefly reviewed and discussed in this article.  相似文献   

Establishment and use of infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNA clones of animal herpesviruses     

Osterrieder N  Schumacher D  Trapp S  Beer M  von Einem J  Tischer K 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,116(9-10):373-380

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Vaccines against infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus/mucosal disease (BVDV/MD): a short overview     

Beer M  Wolf G 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,116(5-6):252-258

Various vaccine preparations against an infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) have been used since more than 30 years. To prevent reproduction failure and the generation of persistently infected animals, protection of heifers and cows against transplacental infection is the most important aim of BVDV vaccination. In principal, BVD vaccines with replication competent, attenuated BVDV (modified live vaccines) and vaccines with inactivated BVDV preparations (killed vaccines) are used. In Germany, modified live vaccines as well as killed vaccines are registered, however, only BVDV type I strains are included in both types of vaccines. This paper presents an short overview about the different BVD vaccines and their efficacy and safety. In addition, new vaccine types are mentioned and final conclusions are drawn.  相似文献   

Alternative disease control agents induce resistance to blue mold in harvested 'red delicious' apple fruit     

de Capdeville G  Wilson CL  Beer SV  Aist JR 《Phytopathology》2002,92(8):900-908

ABSTRACT Alternative control agents, including UV-type C (254 nm) irradiation, yeasts antagonistic to fungal growth, chitosan and harpin, were evaluated for their ability to induce resistance in cv. Red Delicious apple fruit against postharvest blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum. Freshly harvested and controlled atmosphere (CA)-stored fruit were treated with these agents at different doses and concentrations or with paired combinations of the agents. Treated fruit were inoculated with P. expansum 24, 48, or 96 h following treatment, and stored at 24 degrees C in the dark. The fruit were evaluated for development of disease every 2 days for 14 days by measuring the diameter of lesions that formed. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated and analyzed statistically. All treatments were effective in reducing the AUDPC; UV-C was most effective, followed by harpin, chitosan, and the yeasts, respectively. Regardless of treatment, fresh fruit were more responsive to treatments than CA-stored fruit. There was a clear time-dependent response of the fruit to the treatments, in which treatments applied 96 h before inoculation provided the best results. In a few situations, the combinations of agents did provide an additive effect, but no synergistic effects were detected. Moreover, disease severity in fruit treated by any combination was markedly better than that in the controls. Although the combinations of treatments was overall less effective than the single treatments, they did provide significant reductions of the progress of disease in comparison with the controls. Because the fungus did not come into contact with any of the control agents, this study showed conclusively that the agents studied were able to induce resistance in the fruit rather than merely inhibit the pathogen directly. It also showed, for the first time, that harpin is able to induce resistance in harvested apple fruit. The use of these control agents may minimize the costs of control strategies and reduce the risks associated with the excessive use of fungicides in harvested apple fruit.  相似文献   

Pflanzenschutzberatung durch den „amtlichen Dienst“     

Dr. Eckard Beer 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2005,57(6):137-148

Zusammenfassung Bei der Erledigung der Beratung im Pflanzenschutz steht die Landwirtschaftskammer (LWK) Weser-Ems im Wettbewerb mit anderen Anbietern aus der chemischen Industrie, den Genossenschaften, dem Landhandel und dem privaten Bereich. Die Pflanzenschutzberatung der LWK, als wichtiger Teil im großen Aufgabenspektrum des Pflanzenschutzdiensts, ist einem ständigen Wandel unterlegen und sie sieht sich dem biologisch-technischen Fortschritt verpflichtet, um für die professionellen (landwirtschaftliche und Gartenbaubetriebe) sowie die übrigen Kunden (z. B. Haus- und Kleingärtner) ein kompetenter Partner zu sein. Es wird ein umfassender Überblick über den gesetzlichen Rahmen und die Organisation der Beratung bei der LWK sowie die vielfältigen Versuchs- und Untersuchungsaktivitäten als auch das umfangreiche Beratungsangebot gegeben. Im Rahmen der Produktionstechnik steht die Beratung, unter Berücksichtigung der guten fachlichen Praxis und dem Leitbild des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes, im Zeichen des Anwender-, Verbraucher- und Umweltschutzes.  相似文献   

Production and phenology of the fruit shrub Eugenia stipitata in agroforestry systems in Costa Rica     

Rudi van Kanten  John Beer 《Agroforestry Systems》2005,64(3):203-209

Arazá (Eugenia stipitata), a fruit shrub originating from Western Amazonia, was evaluated growing in association with timber shade trees (Acacia mangium or Cordia alliodora) or with plantain (Musa sp.) as a potential commercial species for the tropical moist lowlands of Talamanca, Costa Rica. Height and crown width of the four-year-old shrubs varied between 2.7–2.8 m and 2.9–3.1 m, respectively. Flowering was positively correlated with initial fruit formation 1 month later and initial fruit formation with fully developed fruits a subsequent month after that. Three to four-year-old plants produced 20.0, 20.0, and 24.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (fresh fruits) in associations with A. mangium, C. alliodora and plantain, respectively, with higher production in rainy months. Fruit production in later years under C. alliodora (six to eight-year-old shrubs) was 26.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Where markets exist for E. stipitata fruit, the association can be recommended for tropical humid lowlands of Central America.  相似文献   

Research methods for multistrata agroforestry systems with coffee and cacao: recommendations from two decades of research at CATIE     

Somarriba  E.  Beer  J.  Muschler  R. G. 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,53(2):195-203

This paper reviews the research themes and methodologies used by CATIE in agroforestry research with shade trees over coffee (Coffea arabica) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) during the past 20 years. Initially research focused on characterization and production studies (of crop and timber including border areas) of traditional systems using temporary and permanent sample plots on private farms. The assessment area of traditional shade-coffee (or cacao) systems should be the whole plot, including the border areas, and not some subjectively selected central area which supposedly represents unit area productivity. Uncontrolled crop, tree, and management heterogeneity limited extrapolation of early on-farm research results to other farmers' fields. Replicated case studies of best bet technologies (traditional or experimental) on different farms are often preferable to the use of formal experimental designs. On-station research included the use of systematic spacing designs to test extreme shade tree density treatments of coffee. Most nutrient cycling studies were also carried out on-station, using service and timber shade species over coffee and cacao to evaluate the ability of these agroforestry systems to maintain nutrient reserves and diversify production. Plot size (even 36 × 36 m) was limiting for long term research because of inter-plot interference, both below- and above ground, when using fast growing, tall timber trees as shade. These experiences suggest a minimum plot size of 2,500 m². Individual tree designs and tree-crop interface studies (e.g. regression analysis of data taken along transects) are promising experimental/sampling approaches that need further development. The principal research thrusts proposed for the next five years are bio-physical process research on coffee responses to shade and competition with trees (growth, carbon allocation, phenology, disease-pest tolerance, yields and coffee quality effects) and socioeconomic analyses of both traditional and new or improved shade – coffee combinations vs. monocultures. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

No Virological Evidence for an Influenza A ‐ like Virus in European Bats          下载免费PDF全文

S. Fereidouni  L. Kwasnitschka  A. Balkema Buschmann  T. Müller  C. Freuling  J. Schatz  J. Pikula  H. Bandouchova  R. Hoffmann  B. Ohlendorf  G. Kerth  S. Tong  R. Donis  M. Beer  T. Harder 《Zoonoses and public health》2015,62(3):187-189

New members of the influenza A virus genus have been detected recently in bats from South America. By molecular investigations, using a generic real‐time RT‐PCR (RT‐qPCR) that detects all previously known influenza A virus subtypes (H1‐H16) and a newly developed RT‐qPCR specific for the South American bat influenza‐like virus of subtype H17, a total of 1571 samples obtained from 1369 individual bats of 26 species from Central Europe were examined. No evidence for the occurrence of such influenza viruses was found. Further attempts towards a more comprehensive evaluation of the role of bats in the ecology and epidemiology of influenza viruses should be based on more intense monitoring efforts. However, given the protected status of bats, not only in Europe, such activities need to be embedded into existing pathogen‐monitoring programs.  相似文献   

A live bovine herpesvirus-1 marker vaccine is not shed after intramuscular vaccination     

Makoschey B  Beer M 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2007,120(11-12):480-482

It should be established, whether animals vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) with a live Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) marker vaccine become viremic and/or excrete vaccine virus with nasal discharge. Five cattle, seronegative for BHV-1, were vaccinated with an overdose of the vaccine (Bovilis IBR marker live) via the IM route. Nasal swabs and blood samples were taken at regular intervals and tested for BHV-1 in a virus infectivity assay. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for BHV-1 DNA was performed on the blood samples. BHV-1 neutralizing antibody titres were determined in the sera taken prior to the vaccination and four weeks after immunisation. AIl animals were successfully vaccinated as judged by the development of BHV-1 neutralising antibodies. However, all nasal swab samples were tested negative for vaccine virus, and all blood samples were found negative for BHV-1 vaccine virus and BHV-1 specific DNA. From these data it can be concluded that the vaccine virus was not excreted with nasal discharge after IM vaccination and that the vaccinated animals did not have a detectable viremia. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the tested BHV-1 marker live vaccine by the IM route in situations where it is undesirable that the vaccine virus is excreted.  相似文献   

Effects of fasting and refeeding on the antioxidant system in cockerels and pullets     

Milinković-Tur S  Stojević Z  Pirsljin J  Zdelar-Tuk M  Poljicak-Milas N  Ljubić BB  Gradinski-Vrbanac B 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2007,55(2):181-189

The effect of fasting and refeeding on total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and concentration of some non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds was studied in cockerels and pullets. Blood was collected before and after 48-h fasting and 24 h after refeeding. In cockerels, fasting resulted in a significant decrease of TAS and uric acid concentration. After refeeding, the concentration of TAS remained significantly lower as compared to the control level. At the same time, blood plasma level of total lipids increased in comparison to the control and post-fasting values. In pullets, fasting resulted in a significant decrease of whole blood haemolysate GSH-Px activity and blood plasma concentrations of albumin and uric acid. Simultaneously, a significant increase in total lipids and cholesterol was obtained. In pullets, refeeding resulted in a further decrease of TAS to undetectable values, a significant decrease of blood plasma cholesterol, and a significant increase of GSH-Px in the whole blood haemolysate and in blood plasma uric acid content. The results indicate that fasting has a negative impact on the antioxidant defence system of the blood, which leads to a reduced resistance to oxidative stress in both cockerels and pullets. However, pullets seem to be more susceptible to fasting-provoked oxidative stress than cockerels.  相似文献