Is Rainwater Harvesting an Option for Designing Sustainable Cropping Patterns for Rainfed Agriculture?     

Masood Akhtar  Fayyaz‐ul ‐Hassan  Mukhtar Ahmed  Rifat Hayat  Claudio O. Stckle 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(3):630-640

Rainwater harvesting in small dams has good potential to provide supplementary agricultural irrigation during critical crop growth stages. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cropping patterns: fallow–wheat (FW), mash–wheat (MaW), sorghum–wheat (SW), maize (grain)–wheat (MW), maize (grain)–gram (MG) and mung–canola (MuC); under two conditions: irrigated (Command area of Pira Fatehial small dam) and rainfed (Un‐command area) on sandy loam soil during three years (2009 to 2011). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, three factor factorial (cropping patterns, irrigated/non‐irrigated conditions and years) using four replications. The highest grain yield of wheat (5.6 Mg ha⁻¹) was obtained from the MaW cropping pattern as compared to those from MW, FW and SW cropping patterns. Summer crops (sorghum fodder, maize grain and mash) performed excellent under irrigated conditions. Water use efficiency of wheat (14.3 kg ha⁻¹mm⁻¹) following mash under both the conditions exhibited higher values than when compared with those from SW, FW and MW cropping patterns. However, nutrient use efficiency in SW cropping pattern surpassed the others. Performance of all crops remained better under the irrigated condition during both all seasons and years, as rainfall deficiency was compensated by supplementary irrigations. Hence, this study concluded that farmers having water resources for supplemental irrigation should adopt the MW cropping pattern, based on grain yield, efficient utilization of available supplemental water and better utilization of nutrients. Similarly, based on improved nutrient utilization and monitory outputs, the MaW sequence should be followed in rain‐fed areas for better resource management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Phytotoxic effect of Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers. On seeds of agronomic and forestry species     

Vera Lygia El Id  Bárbara Vale da Costa  Daiane Salete Broch Mignoni  Marina Belloni Veronesi  Kelly Simoes  Marcia Regina Braga  Nelson Augusto dos Santos Junior 《林业研究》2015,26(2):339-346

Sesbania virgata(Cav.) Pers.is a pioneer species native to South America able to release allelochemicals that affect germination and development of other plant species.The aim of this work was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of S.virgata on the germination and development of co-occurring species from gallery forest and on agronomic species.Two forest native species,Enterolobium contortisiliquum(Vell.) Morong and Sapindus saponaria L.,and two agronomic species(these as control),Oryza sativa L.and Solanum lycopersicum L.were used in the lab and greenhouse assays with seeds and leaf extracts of S.virgata.Agronomic species were more affected than native species when co-germinated with seeds of S.virgata.The germination percentage and speed germination index of the agronomic species were reduced in both in vitro and greenhouse assays.In the same assays,the seeds of native species showed no significant differences in the parameters mentioned.However,the initial growth of the four species assayed was affected,with reduction in plant length and shoot diameter followed by significant reduction in plantlet shoot and root weights.In the assays with irrigation of S.virgata leaf extracts,no significant inhibitory effects on germination were observed for all species.Height and shoot diameter of the native species were not affected by the leaf extracts,nor were fresh and dry weights.However,these parameters increased in the agronomic species as they were irrigated with leaf extracts.Based on our data we conclude that seed leachates of S.virgata affect germination and seedling development of other species,suggesting that its invasive behavior is due mainly to seed allelochemicals.Although with less pronounced effects on native species,allelopathy of S.virgata might also influence Interspecific competition in its natural environment.  相似文献   

The occurrence of 2 n eggs in the dihaploids derived from Rosa hybrida L.     

H. El Mokadem  J. Meynet  L. Crespel 《Euphytica》2002,124(3):327-332

Dihaploid derivatives of 4x Rosa hybrida L. obtained through parthenogenesis induced by irradiated pollen significantly produce 2n eggs,often accompanied by gametes with higher ploidy levels (3x and 4x). The gamete ploidy level distribution depends on the originating genotype. The ploidy level of the male parent affects the maternal /paternal ratio in the endosperm, which can be involved in the counter-selection of triploid genotypes resulting from the crosses made between dihaploid and 4x Rosa hybrida.The observed segregation ratios of flower doubleness in triploid progenies of dihaploids × R. wichuraïanasuggest that the relevant locus could be positioned far from the centromere.  相似文献   

Seed protein content of soybean as affected by spatial variation in field experiments     

J. Vollmann    T. El  Hadad  R. Gretzmacher  P. Ruckenbauer 《Plant Breeding》1996,115(6):501-507

The variation of soybean seed protein content has been investigated in performance trials of maturity group 000 to I genotypes at different locations in the eastern part of Austria between 1992 and 1994. In all experiments evaluated, significant portions of spatial variation were identified which affected seed protein content in the range of ?25 to +30 g/kg. Lattice and neighbour analysis were more efficient than the randomized complete block design in reducing error variance in most experiments. Neighbour analysis was superior to the lattice design when soil trends were changing over short distances or in both longitudinal and latitudinal directions. In most instances, neighbour analysis based on two or three neighbouring plots at each side of a test plot was more efficient than an analysis using only the nearest neighbours. Residuals derived from neighbour analysis were also used to visualize spatial heterogeneity, and clear trends of protein content were identified for particular experimental sites. The ranking of genetic entries was considerably biased by spatial variations, which would have reduced the efficiency of selection for high protein content if genotype performance was not adjusted for field variation.  相似文献   

Altered Fatty Acid Profile of Polar Lipids in Maize Seedlings in Response to Excess Copper   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R. Chaffai  M. A. Elhammadi  T. N. Seybou  A. Tekitek  B. Marzouk  E. El Ferjani 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2007,193(3):207-217

A wide range of cellular responses occur when plants are exposed to heavy metal stress, including changes in the membrane fatty acid composition. In this study, we examined the effect of excess copper (100 μm ) on the degree of unsaturation [double bond index (DBI) of 18‐C fatty acids] and the polar lipid profiles in maize (Zea mays L.). The level of unsaturation of total fatty acids decreased from 1.42 to 1.28 in maize roots. However, copper‐induced compositional changes of polar fatty acid composition show a general trend of increasing DBI. These responses suggest that individual 18‐C fatty acid classes may have specific roles in maintaining optimal membrane function, enabling plant growth under copper stress. The results also reveal key changes including marked decrease in total root phospholipid levels and consistent increase in the steryl lipid/phospholipid (SL/PL) ratio, as well as a decrease in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol/digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG/DGDG) ratio, reflecting alteration of membrane permeability and fluidity. In shoots, the DBI obtained from phosphatidylcholine (PC), sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) was increased. In contrast, these indices were decreased in phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). However, the PI, PC, PG, MGDG and DGDG contents in shoots were significantly decreased, suggesting alterations in the photosynthetic membranes.  相似文献   

Improving the Traditional Acacia Senegal-Crop System in Sudan: The Effect of Tree Density on Water Use, Gum Production and Crop Yields     

A.M. Gaafar  A.A. Salih  O. Luukkanen  M.A. El Fadl  V. Kaarakka 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,66(1):1-11

The traditional Acacia senegal bush-fallow in North Kordofan, Sudan, was disrupted and the traditional rotational fallow cultivation cycle has been shortened or completely abandoned, causing decline in soil fertility and crop and gum yields. An agroforestry system may give reasonable crop and gum yields, and be more appealing to farmers. We studied the effect of tree density (266 or 433 trees ha⁻¹) on two traditional crops; sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) early maturing variety and karkadeh (Hibiscus sabdariffa), with regard to physiological interactions, yields and soil water depletion. There was little evidence of complementarity of resource sharing between trees and crops, since both trees and field crops competed for soil water from the same depth. Intercropping significantly affected the soil water status, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in trees and crops. Gum production per unit area increased when sorghum was intercropped with trees in low or high density. However, karkadeh reduced the gum yield significantly at high tree density. Yields of sorghum and karkadeh planted within trees of high density diminished by 44 and 55% compared to sole crops, respectively. Intercropping increased the rain use efficiency significantly compared to trees and field crops grown solely. Karkadeh appears to be more appropriate for intercropping with A. senegal than sorghum and particularly recommendable in combination with low tree density. Modification of tree density can be used as a management tool to mitigate competitive interaction in the intercropping system.  相似文献   

A review of Sorghum insect problems in Australia     

Dr. E. Hassan 《Journal of pest science》1987,60(8):151-155

The insect pests attacking grain sorghum in Australia are reviewed. For easy handling the insects are grouped according to the stages in plant growth which they attack, e. g. pests of the planting and seedling stages, pests of the vegetative stage, pests of flowering stage and pests of the maturity stage. Reference is made to the importance of storage pests. The adoption of minimum tillage practices in Australian summer cropping areas, the importance of soil insects during establishment stage of the crop is expected to increase. The sorghum midgeContarinia sorghicola (Coquillet) no doubt is the most damaging pest species.Heliothis armigera (Hübner) is second in importance to sorghum midge as a pest of sorghum. Damage and control methods of this and other pests are discussed. Economic injury levels are also discussed.  相似文献   

Probleme des Pflanzenschutzes auf Zypern     

E. Hassan 《Journal of pest science》1964,37(4):49-52

Summary On Cyprus a great number of insects, favored by the mediterranean climate of the island, regularly attack the most important agricultural crops, which are the cultures of cereals, vegetables and fruit-cultures, especially those of grapes, olives, citrus and carob. The plant protection organization of Cyprus has been established very recently. There is an agricultural research institute which cooperates with American experts. The number of trained entomologists is, however, very low.  相似文献   

Geschlechtsmerkmale und Kopulations-Verhalten vonPantorhytes Szentivanyi Marshall (Col. Curculionidae)     

Errol Hassan 《Journal of pest science》1975,48(2):25-27

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Germacranolides from Anvillea radiata     

El Hassany B  El Hanbali F  Akssira M  Mellouki F  Haidour A  Barrero AF 《Fitoterapia》2004,75(6):573-576

The aerial parts of Anvillea radiata yielded a new germacranolide, 8alpha,9alpha-epoxyparthenolide (3), together with two known compounds, 9alpha-hydroxyparthenolide (1) and parthenolid-9-one (2). The structures of the compounds were elucidated from IR, HRMS, 1H and 13C-NMR, COSY, HETCOR, HMBC and HOHAHA spectral data. The major component 1 was tested for its cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity.  相似文献