Intra‐ and Interobserver Agreement on Radiographic Phenotype in the Diagnosis of Canine Hip Dysplasia          下载免费PDF全文

Ruth R. Fortrie DVM  Geert Verhoeven DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVS  Bart Broeckx DVM  Luc Duchateau MSc  PhD  Luc Janssens DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVS  Yves Samoy DVM  PhD  Elke Schreurs DVM  Diplomate ECVDI  Jimmy Saunders DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVDI  Henri van Bree DVM  PhD  Diplomate ECVS & ECVDI  Peter Vandekerckhove DVM  Diplomate ECVS  Frank Coopman DVM  PhD  MSc 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2015,44(4):467-473

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24-h sheltering behaviour of individually kept horses during Swedish summer weather     

Elke Hartmann  Richard J Hopkins  Claudia von Br?mssen  Kristina Dahlborn 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)

Background

Provision of shelter for horses kept on summer pasture is rarely considered in welfare guidelines, perhaps because the benefits of shelter in warm conditions are poorly documented scientifically. For cattle, shade is a valued resource during summer and can mitigate the adverse effects of warm weather on well-being and performance. We found in a previous study that horses utilized shelters frequently in summer. A shelter with a roof and closed on three sides (shelter A) was preferred and can reduce insect pressure whereas a shelter with roof and open on three sides was not utilized. However, shelter A restricts the all-round view of a horse, which may be important for horses as flight animals. Therefore, we studied whether a shelter with roof, where only the upper half of the rear wall was closed (shelter B), would be utilized while maintaining insect protection properties and satisfying the horses’ sense for security. A third shelter was offered with walls but no roof (shelter C) to evaluate whether the roof itself is an important feature from the horse’s perspective. Eight Warmblood horses were tested each for 2 days, kept individually for 24 h in two paddocks with access to shelters A and B, or shelters A and C, respectively. Shelter use was recorded continuously during the night (1800–2400 h, 0200–0600 h) and the following day (0900–1600 h), and insect defensive behaviour (e.g., tail swish) in instantaneous scan samples at 5-min intervals during daytime.

Results

Seven horses used both shelters A and B, but when given the choice between shelters A and C, shelter C was scarcely visited. There was no difference in duration of shelter use between night (105.8 ± 53.6 min) and day (100.8 ± 53.8, P = 0.829). Daytime shelter use had a significant effect on insect defensive behaviours (P = 0.027). The probability of performing these behaviours was lowest when horses used shelter A compared to being outside (P = 0.038).

Conclusions

Horses only utilized shelters with a roof whilst a shelter with roof and closed on three sides had the best potential to lower insect disturbance during daytime in summer.  相似文献   

Maintenance in genebanks, a case study: contaminations observed in the Nu¨rnberg oats of 1831     

Adolf Martin Steiner  Peter Ruckenbauer  Elke Goecke 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1997,44(6):533-538

The genetic identity and purity of the Nu¨rnberg oats of 1831 stored at Freising, Braunschweig and Linz were studied by storage-protein electrophoresis. The seven oat lines showed two electrophoretic phenotypes with frequencies of five and two. All conceivable levels of contamination of the lines were found ranging from identity over contamination by the respective other Nu¨rnberg phenotype and/or foreign phenotypes up to the replacement of a line by a foreign phenotype. In addition, at one of the storage sites the identification numbers are different. The case study shows vividly that genotype maintenance in genebanks demands the utmost care.  相似文献   

Prof. Dr. Habil. Dr. H. C. Martin Körschens Zum 65. Geburtstag     

Elke Schulz  Wilhelm Simon 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):361-364

Minimierung von Stoffbelastungen und Sicherung der Nachhaltigkeit sind die beiden Seiten, die Kriterienauswahl und Bewertungsprozeß der Kategorie Düngung prägen.

Das Gefährdungspotential der Kategorie wird durch 13 quantifizierbare und kontrollfähige Kriterien beschrieben. Für diese werden ökologische Optima und kritische Belastungen definiert, die die Grundlage für Bewertungsprozesse von Landwirtschaftsbetrieben bilden. Gleichzeitig wird damit ein Rahmen vorgegeben, der standortbezogen den tolerierbaren und damit umweltverträglichen Bereich der Düngung absteckt. Mittels dieses Rahmens können Betriebe umfassend bewertet, Problemfelder identifiziert und Korrekturerfordernisse formuliert werden.  相似文献   

The representation of landscapes in global scale assessments of environmental change     

Peter H. Verburg  Sanneke van Asselen  Emma H. van der Zanden  Elke Stehfest 《Landscape Ecology》2013,28(6):1067-1080

Landscape ecology has provided valuable insights in the relations between spatial structure and the functioning of landscapes. However, in most global scale environmental assessments the representation of landscapes is reduced to the dominant land cover within a 0.5 degree pixel, disregarding the insights about the role of structure, pattern and composition for the functioning of the landscape. This paper discusses the contributions landscape ecology can make to global scale environmental assessments. It proposes new directions for representing landscape characteristics at broad spatial scales. A contribution of landscape ecologists to the representation of landscape characteristics in global scale assessments will foster improved information and assessments for the design of sustainable earth system governance strategies.  相似文献   

Modulation of Inflammatory Gene Expression by a Bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Extract and Single Anthocyanins Considering Their Limited Stability under Cell Culture Conditions     

S Triebel  HL Trieu  E Richling 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(36):8902-8910

Studies with nonintestinal models indicate that anthocyanin-rich extracts can modulate inflammatory gene expression and may help prevent development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This work investigated the influence of a bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extract (BE) and comprising anthocyanins on pro-inflammatory genes in IFN-γ/IL-1β/TNF-α stimulated human colon epithelial cells (T84) by qRT-PCR and cytokine arrays. Moreover, the stability of selected anthocyanins under cell culture conditions was examined to assess their anti-inflammatory properties. BE and single anthocyanins significantly inhibited the expression and secretion of IBD-associated pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IP-10, I-TAC, sICAM-1, GRO-α) in the stimulated cells. The anti-inflammatory activity thereby strongly depends on the aglycon structure (hydroxylation and methylation pattern) and the sugar moiety. In contrast to anthocyanidins, which were highly unstable in cell culture medium, suggesting that their degradation products might contribute to the inhibitory effects assigned to the parent compounds, anthocyanins have higher stability and may directly contribute to BE's effects.  相似文献   

Preparation and comparative release characteristics of three anthocyanin encapsulation systems     

Oidtmann J  Schantz M  Mäder K  Baum M  Berg S  Betz M  Kulozik U  Leick S  Rehage H  Schwarz K  Richling E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(3):844-851

Bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and their major polyphenolic constituents, anthocyanins, have preventive activities inter alia against colon cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. However, anthocyanins are sensitive to environmental conditions; thus their bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract is an important determinant of their in vivo activity. In the study reported here, the potential benefits of encapsulating an anthocyanin rich bilberry extract (BE) on anthocyanin stability were investigated. Nonencapsulated BE and three different BE loaded microcapsule systems were incubated in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF). After exposure to these media, released anthocyanins were identified and quantified by HPLC with UV/Vis detection. Although a rapid release of anthocyanins was observed within the first 20 min, encapsulation of anthocyanins doubled the amount of available anthocyanins after 150 min of incubation. These results illustrate the ability of encapsulation to inhibit early degradation of anthocyanins in the intestinal system.  相似文献   

Oat malt as a baking ingredient – A comparative study of the impact of oat,barley and wheat malts on bread and dough properties     

Outi E. Mäkinen  Elke K. Arendt 《Journal of Cereal Science》2012

Oat malt is a nutritionally rich ingredient mainly used in a small number of speciality products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of oat malt in wheat baking. The effect of oat malt on bread and dough properties at levels ranging from 0.5% to 5% was studied and compared with barley and wheat malts. The addition of all malts increased loaf specific volumes. Barley and wheat malts at levels above 2.5% led to a sticky and coarse crumb, but the effect of oat malt on the crumb grain was negligible. Rheological characterisation could not explain the superior baking performance of oat malt, as it increased extensibility and decreased resistance extensively indicating weakening of the extensional properties of the gluten network. The high lipolytic activity may have compensated for the loss of dough strength by improving the surface properties of gas cells. The results show that oat malt can be used in wheat baking to improve the loaf volume and nutritional quality without the detrimental effects associated with the excess amylolytic activity of barley and wheat malts.  相似文献   

Influenza virus infections in migrating waterfowl: results of a two year study in Germany     

Globig A  Starick E  Werner O 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2006,119(3-4):132-139

In order to determine the actual prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild birds in Germany, extensive surveillance studies were carried out between March 2003 and January 2005. More than 3.000 samples of 79 different species of wild birds (migratory and resident birds) were taken and 1.151 established pools investigated. Samples came from 80 different regions of Germany. Forty AIV isolates representing 14 combinations of eight different hemagglutinin and eight neuraminidase subtypes, among them H5 and H7, were identified. All H5 and H7 isolates were found to be of low pathogenicity. The overall incidence of the investigated pools based on virus isolation was 3,5 % for AIV, with considerable variability noted among species, season and location. All AIV were isolated from birds sampled in autumn. Most of the AIV isolates came from the resting or wintering areas of mallards breeding far north. This study adds to the understanding of the ecology of influenza viruses in wild birds and empahsizes the constant need for surveillance in times of an ongoing and expanding epidemic of highly pathogenic AI.  相似文献   

A study of the effect of the interaction between site-specific conditions, residue cover and weed control on water storage during fallow     

Romina Fernandez  Alberto Quiroga  Elke Noellemeyer  Daniel Funaro  Jorgelina Montoya  Bernd Hitzmann  Norman Peinemann 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(9):1028-1040

In the semiarid central region of Argentina the probability that rainfall meets crop requirements during growing season is less than 10%, therefore fallowing has been the most important practice to assure water availability during the growing season. Various site-specific and management factors have been identified as crucial for defining fallow efficiency (FE) and final available water contents (AW). The objective of the present study was to improve our knowledge about the interactions between residue cover, weed control, soil profile depth and water storage capacity (WSC) on FE. In 10 sites covering the environments of calcareous plains and sandy plains of the semiarid central region of Argentina and with different WSC, experiments with 3 different levels of residue cover (H, M, L) and with and without weed control (C and W respectively) during fallow were set up. A completely randomized block design with four repetitions and splits plots to consider weed control was used. Soil texture and organic matter were determined in samples of the A horizon (0.20 m). Bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point and soil water contents (monthly frequency) were measured at depth intervals of 0.20 m to the depth of the calcite layer or to 2.00 m depth. Soil temperature was taken in weekly intervals at 0.05 m depth and weed plants, separated by species, were counted at the end of fallow in 4 repetitions of 0.25 m² in each treatment. An empirical model was developed to predict final AW under these experimental conditions. Model parameters were: Residue level, weed control, WSC, profile depth, and rainfall during fallow. Site-specific conditions (WSC and profile depth) affected water storage during fallow; soils with highest values for both parameters showed highest final AW. Weed density was the most important factor that controlled AW, with on average 35 mm less AW in W than in C treatments. Residue level had a positive effect on final AW in both C and W treatments, with a difference of 18.5 mm between H and L. An interaction between residue level and weed density was observed, indicating weed suppression in H treatments. This was also confirmed by correspondence analysis between residue level and weed species which revealed that different species were related to each level. High residue levels also decreased soil temperature, thus affecting germination of post-fallow crops. The empirical model had an overall average prediction error of 13.7% and the regression between measured and predicted values showed a determination coefficient of 0.77.  相似文献