Windthrow resistance of apple trees grafted in an orchard     

Akio Koizumi  Hajime Araki  Hirotaka Hori  Yutaka Inagawa 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(1):10-15

Pull-down tests were conducted for apple trees grafted in an orchard and for support posts in order to discuss the failure mode in windthrow damage, the effect of rootstock types on the uprooting strength, and the reinforcing effect of support posts on young trees. The test samples were ten mature trees (20–23 years old) of three varieties grafted on two types of rootstocks, three young trees (7 years old) grafted on dwarf rootstocks, and nine support posts of larch logs and steel pipes. The failure modes were found to be uprooting for mature trees and rootstock breakage for young trees. The uprooting strength of apple trees was considerably smaller than the uprooting strength of forest trees reported in previous studies. However, the windthrow resistance of the apple trees with respect to the critical wind velocity was estimated to be sufficient despite their low uprooting strength because of their small height. Young trees should be supported with wooden posts for a few years after grafting so that they acquire sufficient windthrow resistance. Part of this study was published in the report for the Grant-in-Aid for Collaborative Research by NOASTEC (No. H17-kyo-048)  相似文献   

Effect of High β-Glucan Barley on Serum Cholesterol Concentrations and Visceral Fat Area in Japanese Men—A Randomized,Double-blinded,Placebo-controlled Trial     

Shimizu C  Kihara M  Aoe S  Araki S  Ito K  Hayashi K  Watari J  Sakata Y  Ikegami S 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(1):21-25

This study investigated whether the consumption of a diet in which high-β-glucan barley replaced rice would reduce the visceral fat area as well as the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) in hypercholesterolemic Japanese men. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted in 44 hypercholesterolemic Japanese men with a body mass index (BMI) >22 kg/m². The subjects were randomly assigned to groups consuming either rice (placebo group) or a mixture of rice and pearl barley with a high β-glucan content (test group, 7.0 g β-glucan per day) for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken, and CT scan obtained before the trial and every four weeks during the trial. The pearl barley intake significantly reduced serum concentrations of LDL-C (P = 0.041) and TC (P = 0.037) during the trial. Significant differences between the test and placebo groups were found for the visceral fat (P = 0.039), BMI (P = 0.015), and waist circumference (P = 0.011) at the end point. The consumption of pearl barley with a high β-glucan content reduces not only LDL-C but also visceral fat area.  相似文献   

Development of microsatellite markers in cultivated and wild species of sections <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cepa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllodolon</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium</Emphasis>     

Naoyuki Araki  Shin-Ichi Masuzaki  Hikaru Tsukazaki  Shigenori Yaguchi  Tadayuki Wako  Yosuke Tashiro  Naoki Yamauchi  Masayoshi Shigyo 《Euphytica》2010,173(3):321-328

The potential of microsatellite markers for use in genetic studies has been evaluated in Allium cultivated species (Allium cepa, A. fistulosum) and its allied species (A. altaicum, A. galanthum, A. roylei, A. vavilovii). A total of 77 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs were employed, 76 of which amplified a single product or several products in either of the species. The 29 AMS primer pairs derived from A. cepa and 46 microsatellites primer pairs from A. fistulosum revealed a lot of polymorphic amplicons between seven Allium species. Some of the microsatellite markers were effective not only for identifying an intraspecific F₁ hybrid between shallot and bulb onion but also for applying to segregation analyses in its F₂ population. All of the microsatellite markers can be used for interspecific taxonomic analyses among two cultivated and four wild species of sections Cepa and Phyllodolon in Allium. Generally, our data support the results obtained from recently performed analyses using molecular and morphological markers. However, the phylogeny of A. roylei, a threatened species with several favorable genes, was still ambiguous due to its different positions in each dendrogram generated from the two primer sets originated from A. cepa and A. fistulosum.  相似文献   

Amylose synthesis capacity of the three Wx genes of wheat cv. Chinese Spring     

Hideho Miura  Etsuko Araki  Sawako Tarui 《Euphytica》1999,108(2):91-95

The Wx locus controls amylose synthesis in the cereal endosperm. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has the three Wx loci on chromosomes 7A ( Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1) and 7D (Wx-D1). To verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently and accurately, we produced eight possible types of recombinant lines carrying different null alleles at the Wx loci under the ‘Chinese Spring’ genetic background. Amylose content varied from 0% of the waxy ‘Chinese Spring’ to 25% of the ‘Chinese Spring’ normal type. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the largest in Wx-B1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b. More than 3% reductions in amylose content were detected in the double null types. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a predominates and produces 21–22% amylose, followed by Wx-D1a (20–21%) and Wx-A1a (15–18%). These significant differences were partly correlated with variation in the amounts of the Wx proteins produced by different Wx genes. However, comparisons of the double null lines with the single null or normal lines indicated that amylose content was not linearly proportional to the number of the Wx genes, suggesting that the Wx genes act in an epistatic manner. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Biological properties of the novel fungicide cyazofamid against Phytophthora infestans on tomato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumber     

Mitani S  Araki S  Yamaguchi T  Takii Y  Ohshima T  Matsuo N 《Pest management science》2002,58(2):139-145

Cyazofamid (ISO proposed common name), 4-chloro-2-cyano-N,N-dimethyl-5-p-tolylimidazole-1-sulfonamide is a novel fungicide exhibiting specific activity against diseases caused by Oomycetes. In tests, cyazofamid at 0.4-1.6 mg litre-1 exhibited excellent preventative activity against Phytophthora infestans on tomato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis on cucumber. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of cyazofamid against both diseases were over 63 times lower than those of mancozeb and at least 16 times lower than those of metalaxyl. Cyazofamid at 1.6-25 mg litre-1 exhibited not only preventative activity, but also stable residual activity and rainfastness. Cyazofamid at 6.3 mg litre-1 reduced zoosporangia formation of P infestans and P cubensis on host plants by 100 and 94% respectively. Cyazofamid also exhibited translaminar and curative activity. Cyazofamid has a new mode of action for fungicides and exhibits no cross-resistance with other currently registered and commonly used fungicides. These properties lead to a high level control by cyazofamid in field.  相似文献   

Technical note: development of a duodenal cannula for sheep.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

A Horigane  T Araki  A K Horigane  K Hashimoto  M Shinoda  I Sasaki  M Horiguchi 《Journal of animal science》1992,70(4):1216-1219

A single T-shaped duodenal cannula of silicone rubber with a gutter-type small inner flange was developed for sheep. The barrel of the cannula was 24 mm long with an internal diameter of 12 mm. A polyester surgical mesh (100 mm x 100 mm) was connected to the barrel of the cannula as an anchor. Fibrous tissues grew on the polyester mesh anchor and adhered firmly to the serosa of the intestine, thus leaving no gap and, hence, preventing any leakage of intestinal contents from the side of the fistula. The small (24 mm in diameter) and thin (3 mm in thickness) outer flange of the cannula became buried in the wool and prevented any mechanical disturbance of the cannula by the activity of the animal. The elasticity of the silicone rubber prevented distortion of the duodenum around the barrel of the cannula. No erosion of the tissue between the inner flange of the cannula and the mesh was seen in postmortem observations.  相似文献   

Effect of monoenergetic neutron irradiation on the postnatal development of the cochlea in C3H/HeN mice     

Nitta Y  Araki N  Nitta K  Harada T  Ishizaki F  Cheng W  Ando J 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2005,67(6):577-582

To investigate the toxic effect of neutrons at energies of approximately 1MeV on the ear, we exposed 7-day-old mice to 1.0 Gy of monoenergetic neutrons (1.026 MeV) or (137)Cs gamma rays, and assessed subsequent morphological changes in the inner ear by light and scanning electron microscopy. Monoenergetic neutrons, but not gamma rays, caused acute changes in the ear. The epithelium of the greater epithelial ridge in the organ of Corti had disappeared by 72 hr post-irradiation, as a result of epithelial apoptosis observed 6 hr post-irradiation. Radiation could induce apoptotic cell death of the epithelium of the greater epithelial ridge at 3 or 4 days of age. Protruding structures were detected on the surface of the hair cells by 72 hr post-irradiation. The neutron-irradiation also caused the apoptotic cell death of epithelial cells at the nasal conchae, and subsequent acute otitis media continued until 10 weeks of age.  相似文献   

Fine-root dynamics in a young hinoki cypress (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis>) stand for 3 years following thinning     

Kyotaro Noguchi  Qingmin Han  Masatake G. Araki  Tatsuro Kawasaki  Shinji Kaneko  Masamichi Takahashi  Yukihiro Chiba 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(4):284-291

Fine roots play a key role in carbon and nutrient dynamics in forested ecosystems. Fine-root dynamics can be significantly affected by forest management practices such as thinning, but research on this topic is limited. This study examined dynamics of fine roots <1 mm in diameter in a 10-year-old stand of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) for 3 years following thinning (65% in basal area). Fine-root production and mortality rates were estimated using a minirhizotron technique in combination with soil coring. In both thinned and un-thinned control plots, fine-root elongation occurred from early spring to winter (March to December) and fluctuated seasonally. In the thinned and the control plots, the annual fine-root production rates were estimated to be 101 and 120 g m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively, whereas the estimated annual fine-root mortality rates were 77 and 69 g m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively. At 3 years after thinning, live fine-root biomass was significantly smaller in the thinned plot (143 g m⁻²) than in the control plot (218 g m⁻²), whereas dead fine-root biomass was not (147 and 103 g m⁻², respectively). Morphological and physiological indices of fine roots such as diameter, specific root length, and root tissue density of the live fine roots was similar in both plots. These results suggested that thinning tended to decrease biomass and production of fine roots, but the effects on characteristics of fine roots would be less evident.  相似文献   

Feasibility of improved slotted bolted connection for timber moment frames     

Yoshikazu Araki  Toshiki Endo  Manami Iwata 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(3):247-253

This note examines the feasibility of an improved slotted bolted connection for timber moment frames. In the improved connection, steel tubes are inserted into drill holes in glulam and fixed to the glulam with resin injection. Aluminum splice plates with curved slots, or curved elongated holes, are fastened mechanically by using high-strength bolts that go through the steel tubes. Since the compression due to bolt tension is fully supported by the steel tubes, the reduction of bolt tension due to shrinkage of the glulam can be avoided. The use of slotted aluminum splice plates allows stable energy dissipation due to smooth sliding between the aluminum splice plates and the end surfaces of the steel tubes within the specified range of rotation angle. Through quasistatic cyclic loading tests of two connection specimens, it was demonstrated that stable and nearly rigid-plastic hysteresis loops were obtained whose equivalent viscous damping ratio was more than 30% in the range of rotation angle close to or greater than 1/50 radian. Although further improvement is necessary, the experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the present connection.  相似文献   

Isolated chloroplast division machinery can actively constrict after stretching     

Yoshida Y  Kuroiwa H  Misumi O  Nishida K  Yagisawa F  Fujiwara T  Nanamiya H  Kawamura F  Kuroiwa T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5792):1435-1438

Chloroplast division involves plastid-dividing, dynamin, and FtsZ (PDF) rings. We isolated intact supertwisted (or spiral) and circular PDF machineries from chloroplasts of the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. After individual intact PDF machineries were stretched to four times their original lengths with optical tweezers, they spontaneously returned to their original sizes. Dynamin-released PDF machineries did not retain the spiral structure and could not be stretched. Thus, dynamin may generate the motive force for contraction by filament sliding in dividing chloroplasts, in addition to pinching-off the membranes.  相似文献