Gas-phase Diffusive Tracer Test for the In-Situ Measurement of Tortuosity in the Vadose Zone     

Geoffrey R. Tick  Colleen M. McColl  Irfan Yolcubal  Mark L. Brusseau 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,184(1-4):355-362

Robust measurements of porous-medium tortuosity are one of the many components needed for accurate characterization and prediction of fluid flow and contaminant transport in the subsurface. A gas-phase diffusive tracer-test method is evaluated for the in-situ measurement of tortuosity in the vadose zone. This technique presents an alternative to employing widely-used correlations to estimate tortuosity. A small-scale field study was conducted using a single well and a non-reactive gas-phase tracer (sulfur hexafluoride; SF₆). Gas samples were collected from the injection point periodically after tracer injection into the soil matrix. An effective radius of influence of 50 cm was determined for the tests. An analytical solution was calibrated to the measured temporal concentration distribution, producing a fitted value for tortuosity. The value obtained from the tracer tests was compared to values estimated with several widely-used correlations. The value obtained from the tracer tests was generally larger than the values estimated with the correlations, which spanned a relatively wide range. The tracer-test method provides a means by which to determine in-situ measurements of tortuosity, allowing for better characterization of contaminant transport in the vadose zone.  相似文献   

Survival and reproduction of Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) in a natural sandy loam soil amended with the nitro-heterocyclic explosives RDX and HMX: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002     

Roman G. Kuperman  Ronald T. Checkai  Michael Simini  Carlton T. Phillips  Jan E. Kolakowski  Carl W. Kurnas  Geoffrey I. Sunahara 《Pedobiologia》2003,47(5-6):651-656

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Out of Africa box     

Cannon G 《Public health nutrition》2005,8(6):547-550

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Effect of Cadmium(Ii) and Anion Type on the Ageing of Ferrihydrite and its Subsequent Leaching under Neutral and Alkaline Conditions     

Lin  Xiaomei  Burns  Robert C.  Lawrance  Geoffrey A. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,143(1-4):155-177

The effect of cadmium(II) on the transformation of ferrihydrite[with Cd(II):Fe(III) ratios ranging from 0 to 5 mole %] in neutral and alkaline media (pH 7-11), combined with the effects of electrolyte type (NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, and SO₄ ^-2), was investigated at 20 °C over a period of 1 yr. The presence of Cd(II) strongly retards the conversion of ferrihydrite into hematite and/or goethite at pH 7–10, with decreases in the rate of transformation dependent on the amountof Cd(II). At a Cd(II):Fe(III) mole ratio of 1%, the transformation rate is NO₃ ^- > Cl^- > SO₄ ^-2, which correlates with the relative affinitiesof the anions for the ferrihydrite surface. The presence of Cd(II) promotes hematite formation at pH 9 and 10, whereas atpH 11 goethite is almost the sole product. With increasinginitial Cd(II) concentrations, increasing incorporationof Cd(II) into the products is observed. For 5 mole %Cd(II), ～ 2.5 mole % of Cd(II) is included in thetransformation products, principally hematite, while at pH 11, with 1 mole % Cd(II), all of the Cd(II) incorporates into thegoethite lattice. Transmission electron micrographs show that the presence of Cd(II) leads to a reduction in size and promotesthe twinning of goethite crystals, and can result in ellipsoidal-shaped hematite crystals. Leachability of Cd(II) fromfresh and aged coprecipitated Cd(II)-ferrihyrdite is dependent onthe extent of transformation of the ferrihydrite, with 70–90% of the Cd(II) leachable from ferrihydrite, while goethite is ableto incorporate and remove more Cd(II) than hematite.  相似文献   

At-sea distribution of breeding Tristan albatrosses Diomedea dabbenena and potential interactions with pelagic longline fishing in the South Atlantic Ocean     

Richard Cuthbert  Geoff Hilton  Geoffrey N. Tuck 《Biological conservation》2005,121(3):345-355

The endangered Tristan albatross Diomedea dabbenena is restricted to Gough and Inaccessible Islands. The species is killed as bycatch by longline fisheries in the South Atlantic, but the impact of this mortality is unknown. We satellite tracked 38 breeding Tristan albatrosses and assessed the seasonal and annual at-sea distribution of these birds in relation to reported pelagic longline fishing effort. These birds ranged across the South Atlantic from 50°W to 15°E with most (97%) daytime satellite fixes between latitudes 30°S and 45°S. Considerable fishing effort occurred within the same latitudes. Although there was no correlation between their at-sea distributions, there was a broad overlap between birds and fishing effort. Estimated bycatch rates for Tristan albatross and other Diomedea species in the South Atlantic, and the spatio-temporal overlap between birds and hooks, yield a predicted annual mortality of 471-554 birds, sufficient to cause population decreases of 3.6-4.3% per year. An index of bird × hook interactions (proportional density of birds multiplied by number of hooks by decadal period for each 5° square of longitude and latitude) indicated that 47% of annual interactions occurred in areas around Gough Island, and 11% and 15% of interactions in areas of the west and east Atlantic, respectively. There were also within seasonal differences in the key areas of overlap. The fishing fleets of Taiwan and Japan are likely to be responsible for most interactions based upon the reported magnitude of effort expended in the South Atlantic by these fleets. Ensuring that licensed fishing vessels within the Tristan da Cunha Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) operate using best-practise mitigation measures and with fisheries observer programs, could reduce the potential bycatch mortality of breeding Tristan albatrosses in this region by nearly one third. Thorough implementation of international agreements is required in areas of the high seas where most remaining interactions are predicted to occur.  相似文献   

Fate of Protozoa transiting the digestive tract of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L.     

Houjian CaiBoris Zarda  Geoffrey R. Mattison  Frank SchönholzerDittmar Hahn 《Pedobiologia》2002,46(2):161-175

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VERTEBRAL OSTEOSCLEROSIS IN A CAT SECONDARY TO RHABDOMYOSARCOMA     

Martha L.  Moon  DVM  MS Geoffrey K.  Saunders  DVM  MS Robert A.  Martin  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1990,31(1):39-41

A 5–year–old cat was presented for pelvic limb weakness. Sclerosis of the vertebral body of T–10 was visible on thoracic radiographs. A compressive lesion at this area was noted on myelography. A tumor was partially removed at surgery, but the cat was killed because of poor postoperative response. Rhabdomyosarcoma was diagnosed at necropsy, with bone marrow necrosis and myelofibrosis, and new bone proliferation of the body of T–10. Causes of bone necrosis are discussed.  相似文献   

The enantiomeric composition of triadimenol produced during metabolism of triadimefon by fungi. Part II: Differences between fungal species     

Adrian H. B. Deas  Terence Clark  Geoffrey A. Carter 《Pest management science》1984,15(1):71-77

The fungi Coriolus versicolor, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium culmorum, in shake culture, metabolised triadimefon to triadimenol. Analyses by gas–-liquid chromatography of the triadimenol showed that the fungi produced different qualitative and quantitative combinations of the four possible enantiomers, and that these differences were reproducible. The relationship between the enantiomeric composition of the triadimenol produced and the sensitivity of the test fungi to triadimefon, is discussed in the light of published data on the differences in antifungal activity shown by these enantiomers.  相似文献   

Bromine residues in potato and wheat crops grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide     

George Brown  Donald C. M. Corbett  Geoffrey A. Hide  Robin M. Webb 《Pest management science》1974,5(1):25-29

The bromine content of potato tubers grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide at 487 and 975 kg/ha (1 lb and 2 lb/100 ft2) averaged 170 and 280 mg/kg of dry weight. Most of the bromine was in the outer layers of the tubers; peeled tubers has less than 100 mg/kg, which remained after boiling. Potato haulm contained 4000 or 6700 mg/kg bromine respectively for the two rates of application. The bromine content of wheat grain grown after potatoes depended on the rate of application of methyl bromide and the time interval between treatment and wheat crop. Wheat grain harvested 31/2 21/2 and 11/2 years after fumigation with methyl bromide at 975 kg/ha had mean bromine contents of 4.5, 15 and 44 mg/kg. but the amounts in grain from plots having the same treatments varied more than two-fold; wheat grain harvested 11/2 years after fumigation at 487 kg/ha contained 23 mg bromine/kg. Wheat yields were unaffected by fumigation.  相似文献   

The fungitoxicity of substituted 2-phenylbenzofurans     

Keith Chamberlain  Geoffrey A. Carter 《Pest management science》1980,11(5):526-532

Thirty-seven 2-phenylbenzofurans, variously substituted in the homocyclic rings, were synthesised and assessed for antifungal activity in laboratory tests. High activity was shown only by compounds containing a hydroxy group, though amino compounds were also fungitoxic but at a lower level. Possible mechanisms by which these substitutions impart fungitoxicity are discussed with particular reference to the partitioning properties of the molecule.  相似文献