Glycoprofiling of bifidobacterial consumption of human milk oligosaccharides demonstrates strain specific, preferential consumption of small chain glycans secreted in early human lactation   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

LoCascio RG  Ninonuevo MR  Freeman SL  Sela DA  Grimm R  Lebrilla CB  Mills DA  German JB 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(22):8914-8919

The molecular basis by which human breast milk supports the development of a protective intestinal microbiome in infants is unknown. After lactose and lipids, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are quantitatively the third largest and most diverse component of breast milk. In this work, glycomic profiling of HMO consumption by bifidobacteria using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry reveals that one species, Bifidobacterium longum biovar infantis ATCC 15697, an isolate from the infant gut, preferentially consumes small mass oligosaccharides, representing 63.9% of the total HMOs available. These HMOs were detected in human breast milk at the onset and constantly through the first month of lactation by use of high performance liquid chromatography-chip time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Further characterization revealed that strain ATCC 15697 possesses both fucosidase and sialidase activities not present in the other tested strains. This work provides evidence that these small mass HMOs are selectively metabolized by select bifidobacterial strains and represent a potential new class of bioactive molecules functioning as prebiotics to facilitate a protective gut colonization in breast-fed newborns.  相似文献   

Case–control risk factor study of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) infection in dogs and cats in Germany     

Georg Lehner  Monika Linek  Ross Bond  David H. Lloyd  Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff  Nina Thom  Iris Straube  Kristien Verheyen  Anette Loeffler 《Veterinary microbiology》2014

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has emerged as a highly drug-resistant small animal veterinary pathogen. Although often isolated from outpatients in veterinary clinics, there is concern that MRSP follows a veterinary-hospital-associated epidemiology. This study's objective was to identify risk factors for MRSP infections in dogs and cats in Germany. Clinical isolates of MRSP cases (n = 150) and methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) controls (n = 133) and their corresponding host signalment and medical data covering the six months prior to staphylococcal isolation were analysed by multivariable logistic regression. The identity of all MRSP isolates was confirmed through demonstration of S. intermedius-group specific nuc and mecA. In the final model, cats (compared to dogs, OR 18.5, 95% CI 1.8–188.0, P = 0.01), animals that had been hospitalised (OR 104.4, 95% CI 21.3–511.6, P < 0.001), or visited veterinary clinics more frequently (>10 visits OR 7.3, 95% CI 1.0–52.6, P = 0.049) and those that had received topical ear medication (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.8–14.9, P = 0.003) or glucocorticoids (OR 22.5, 95% CI 7.0–72.6, P < 0.001) were at higher risk of MRSP infection, whereas S. pseudintermedius isolates from ears were more likely to belong to the MSSP-group (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.03–0.34, P < 0.001). These results indicate an association of MRSP infection with veterinary clinic/hospital settings and possibly with chronic skin disease. There was an unexpected lack of association between MRSP and antimicrobial therapy; this requires further investigation but may indicate that MRSP is well adapted to canine skin with little need for selective pressure.  相似文献   

Innate immune response to a H3N2 subtype swine influenza virus in newborn porcine trachea cells,alveolar macrophages,and precision-cut lung slices     

Mario Delgado-Ortega  Sandrine Melo  Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya  Christelle Ramé  Michel Olivier  Denis Soubieux  Daniel Marc  Ga?lle Simon  Georg Herrler  Mustapha Berri  Jo?lle Dupont  Fran?ois Meurens 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1):42

  相似文献   

Bitter-tasting and kokumi-enhancing molecules in thermally processed avocado (Persea americana Mill.)     

Degenhardt AG  Hofmann T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(24):12906-12915

Sequential application of solvent extraction and RP-HPLC in combination with taste dilution analyses (TDA) and comparative TDA, followed by LC-MS and 1D/2D NMR experiments, led to the discovery of 10 C(17)-C(21) oxylipins with 1,2,4-trihydroxy-, 1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-, and 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo motifs, respectively, besides 1-O-stearoyl-glycerol and 1-O-linoleoyl-glycerol as bitter-tasting compounds in thermally processed avocado (Persea americana Mill.). On the basis of quantitative data, dose-over-threshold (DoT) factors, and taste re-engineering experiments, these phytochemicals, among which 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-octadeca-12-ene was found with the highest taste impact, were confirmed to be the key contributors to the bitter off-taste developed upon thermal processing of avocado. For the first time, those C(17)-C(21) oxylipins exhibiting a 1-acetoxy-2,4-dihydroxy- and a 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo motif, respectively, were discovered to induce a mouthfulness (kokumi)-enhancing activity in sub-bitter threshold concentrations.  相似文献   

Fate of C- and N-labelled rhizodeposition of Lolium perenne as function of the distance to the root surface     

Mario Schenck zu Schweinsberg-Mickan  Rainer Georg Joergensen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(6):910-918

A greenhouse rhizobox experiment was carried out to quantify the incorporation of ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-labelled rhizodeposits into different soil pools, especially into the rhizosphere microbial biomass, with increasing distances to the root surface of Lolium perenne. Five layers were analysed over 0-4.2 mm distance to an artificial root surface. C and N derived from rhizodeposition were 4.2% of total C and 2.8% of total N in soil at 0-1.0 mm distance and decreased rapidly with increasing distance. Microbial biomass C and N increased significantly towards the roots. At 0-1.0 mm distance microbial biomass C and N accounted for 66% and 29% of C and N derived from rhizodeposition, respectively. These percentages declined with increasing distance to the roots, but were still traceable up to 4.2 mm distance. Only small amounts of root released C and N were found in the 0.05 M K₂SO₄-extractable fraction. Extractable C and N derived from rhizodeposition varied around means of 4% of total C and N derived from rhizodeposition and increased only marginally with increasing distance to the roots. C derived from rhizodeposition in the non-extractable soil organic matter increased from 65 to 89% of total C derived from rhizodeposition at 0-3.4 mm distance. Conversely, microbial biomass C derived from rhizodeposition decreased from 33 to 4%. N derived from rhizodeposition in the non-extractable soil organic matter increased from 61 to 79% of total N derived from rhizodeposition at 0-2.6 mm distance, followed by a decline to roughly 55% in the two outer layers. Microbial biomass N decreased from 37 to 16% at 0-2.6 mm distance, followed by an increase to roughly 41% in the two outer layers. The C/N ratio of total C and N derived from rhizodeposition as well as that of extractable C and N derived from rhizodeposition increased with increasing distance to the roots to values above 30. In contrast, the C/N ratio of incorporated rhizodeposition C and N into the microbial biomass decreased to values less than 5 at 2.6-4.2 mm distance. The data indicate differential microbial response to C and N derived from rhizodeposition at a high spatial resolution from the root surface. The turnover of C and N derived from rhizodeposition in the rhizosphere as a function of the distance to the root surface is discussed.  相似文献   

Der Einfluß einer Granulierung von Ureaform auf Ertrag und Stickstoffaufnahme bei einigen Pflanzen     

Georg Müller  Wolfgang Heisig 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(7):629-634

  相似文献   

Messung des Erpositionsklimas IX. (Schluszteil)     

Rudolf Geiger 《Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt》1929,51(18):637-656

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Genetische Ressourcen der Kulturpflanzen im alpinen Raum     

Rudolf Schachl 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1988,36(1):107-119

Zusammenfassung Die Kulturpflanzenevolution im alpinen Raum ist durch drei Faktoren geprägt, durch klimatische, geologisch-landschaftsmorphologische und geschichtliche. Die Aufgliederung in cine Vielzahl von ökologischen Nischen, in denen verdrängte Arten und Varietäten überleben konnten, mußte zwangsläufig zu einer bestimmten Formenanreicherung führen. Ihr stcht aber ein scharfer natürlicher Selektionsdruck einschränkend entgegen, der mit fortschreitender Höhenlage stärker wird. Er bestimmt letztlich das Ausschen der Populationen und läßt allfällige Zufallsfaktoren bei beginnender Einnischung und kleiner werdenden Populationsgrößen in den Hintergrund treten. Darin liegt die Ursache, daß mit zunehmender Höhenlage die Populationen uniformer werden, die umgekehrt im Flachland die größte Variabilität aufweisen.Die Kulturpflanzenarten, Varietäten und Sorten sind einem ständigen Bewegungsprozeß unterworfen, bedingt durch das Streben des Menschen, Leistung, Qualität, Aussehen, usw., zu verbessern. Die Suche nach Neuem birgt stets die Möglichkeit in sich, daß ein besseres Sortiment das altbewährte verdrängt. Ist eine Sorte ausreichend adaptierfähig und bringt sie eine Verbesserung mit sich, wird sie sich schrittweise — das alte Sortiment vor sich herschiebend — bis in die Alpentäler ausbreiten. Die Frage, wieviele Arten und Varietäten auf diese Weise ins Land gelangten, bleibt unbeantwortet. Jedenfalls waren es nur wenige, die diesem Verdrängungsprozeß haben standhalten können und bis heute erhalten geblieben sind.Wenn wir im Rückzugsgebiet der Alpen eine Formenanhäufung finden, die historisch betrachtet einen Abriß des Widerstandsfähigsten aus den letzten Jahrhunderten darstellt, ist dieser Formenreichtum doch bescheiden im Vergleich zu dem eines Genzentrums. Besteht hier das entscheidende evolutionsmotorische Moment darin, daß neu entstandene Formen auch eine entsprechende Überlebens-und Fortpflanzungschance besitzen, wirkt der scharfe Selektionsdruck der Alpen einer solchen Mannigfaltigkeit entgegen und wird stets in genotypische wie phänotypische Uniformität münden.

---

Crop genetic ressources in the alps

Summary The evolution of cultivated plants in the area of the Alps is especially influenced by climatical, geological-orographical and historical factors. The available abundance of ecological niches providing chances for the survival of otherwise displaced species and varieties, consequently led to a certain increase of diversity. It is counteracted by strong natural selection pressures increasing with progressive altitudes. These selection pressures ultimately determine the composition of the populations and predominate over coincidental factors during the first phases of annidation connected with descreasing population size. That causes an increasing uniformity of the populations in higher altitudes whereas in the lowlands the highest diversity can be found.Due to human efforts in improving yields, quality, appearance, etc., of cultivated species, varieties and cultivars, they are subject to a permanent evolutionary process. The search for new material always includes the possibility that better accessions displace the well-known old ones. If a variety is sufficiently adaptable and shows improved characters, it will proceed step by step, — pushing the old accessions ahead of it — into the valleys of the Alps. How many species and varieties were introduced in this way is a question which cannot be answered. Anyway, only a few varieties could resist this displacing process and are in existance still today.Though we can find a certain amount of variation in the refugial area of the Alps, which, as seen from the historical standpoint of view, represents a part of the most resistant races from the last few centuries, this variation is relatively low in comparison with that of a gene center. In a gene center the decisive evolutionary mechanisms result in the maintaining of newly evolved forms whereas the strong selection pressures of the Alps counteract a high variability and will always lead to genotypical and phenotypical uniformity.

---

: , - . , , . , , , , . , . , , , , . , , , , . . , . , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , I . - , , , , .

  相似文献   

Determination of Atrazine Residues in Electro-Ultrafiltration Soil Extracts by a Sensitive Enzyme Immunoassay     

Norbert Staimer  Klaus Bürcky  Georg Steinle  Bertold Hock 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1994,157(1):41-46

A sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) based on polyclonal antibodies from sheep was used to screen for atrazine in electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) soil extracts without clean-up. Matrix effects were circumvented by diluting the aqueous EUF extracts. The EUF proved to be a convenient method for the extraction of atrazine residues in soil. The efficiency of EUF appeared to be equivalent to that of organic extraction methods except on weathered residues, which generally resulted in lower yields. Both the combined gas chromatography/automated Soxhlet (GC/Soxtec) and the immunochemical technique EIA/EUF yielded similar data for the 26 soil samples identified as positive (> 0.02 mg/kg) during the first screening of 479 EUF extracts by the EIA.  相似文献   

Improved bondability of wax-treated wood following plasma treatment     

Georg Avramidis  Gunthard Scholz  Evelyn Nothnick  Holger Militz  Wolfgang Viöl  Arndt Wolkenhauer 《Wood Science and Technology》2011,45(2):359-368

In this study, the impact of a plasma treatment using dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure on wax-treated beech was investigated by surface energy determination and adhesion tests. Measurements of the surface energy revealed a strong increase in surface polarity along with increased surface energy as a result of the plasma treatment, pointing to increased adhesion properties. To evaluate the adhesion properties of a polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive on beech treated with montan ester wax and synthetic Fischer–Tropsch wax, a special peel test was applied. This peel test provided evidence of increased adhesion of the PVAc after plasma treatment of both materials investigated.  相似文献