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排序方式: 共有613条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Fenaille F Visani P Fumeaux R Milo C Guy PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(9):2790-2796
Two headspace techniques based on mass spectrometry detection (MS), electronic nose, and solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) were evaluated for their ability to differentiate various infant formula powders based on changes of their volatiles upon storage. The electronic nose gave unresolved MS fingerprints of the samples gas phases that were further submitted to principal component analysis (PCA). Such direct MS recording combined to multivariate treatment enabled a rapid differentiation of the infant formulas over a 4 week storage test. Although MS-based electronic nose advantages are its easy-to-use aspect and its meaningful data interpretation obtained with a high throughput (100 samples per 24 h), its greatest disadvantage is that the present compounds could not be identified and quantified. For these reasons, a SPME-GC/MS measurement was also investigated. This technique allowed the identification of saturated aldehydes as the main volatiles present in the headspace of infant milk powders. An isotope dilution assay was further developed to quantitate hexanal as a potential indicator of infant milk powder oxidation. Thus, hexanal content was found to vary from roughly 500 and 3500 microg/kg for relatively non-oxidized and oxidized infant formulas, respectively. 相似文献
32.
Twenty fertilization experiments were set up in 1985 and 1986 in the Vosges mountains, using mostly calcareous or Mg fertilizers,
in order to verify whether fertilization can attenuate defoliation and yellowing recently recorded in Silver fir and Norway
spruce. In the Ardennes, a fertilization experiment set up in Norway spruce stands prior to the appearance of yellowing was
assessed. In these areas, the total acid deposition is about 2 kg eq H+ ha−1 yr−1. Nitrogen deposition is much more important in the Ardennes (52 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in form of wet and dry deposition) than in the Vosges (16 kg N ha−1 yr−1). The results in the eight adult stands showed no uniform reaction to the treatments. Spontaneous improvement, further deterioration
independently of the treatment, as well as a positive reaction to fertilization were observed. Additional N or P fertilization
sometimes had a beneficial effect on Ca or Mg treatments. The selection of the stands with the best response turns out to
be difficult, as the nutrient contents of needles alone seem not to be a satisfactory criterion for selection. Young plantations
reacted positivley to the treatments. Soluble Mg fertilizer leads to an immediate response. Low solubility Ca-Mg fertilizers
(Ca-Mg lime) did not produce reactions until three years after the application. In the Ardennes, in a 40 yr old spruce stand
suffering from severe Mg deficiency, a Ca and Ca-phosphate fertilization applied 5 yr before yellowing appeared had positive
effects on crown density, discoloration and wood production. Conversely, a single N fertilization in this experiment, as well
as in a young plantation in the Vosges, had a marked negative effect on Mg nutrition, even at low levels. 相似文献
33.
Sandrine?Rousseaux Alain?Hartmann Nadine?Rouard Guy?SoulasEmail author 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,37(4):250-254
We have studied the structural effects of application to the soil of a potentially detrimental herbicide, 4,6-dinitroorthocresol (DNOC) by analysing amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) signatures of 16S rDNA fragments of culturable bacterial communities isolated from diluted soil suspensions. This approach has the potential to reveal changes induced by stressing the soil microflora with DNOC. This paper shows that, whereas only few changes of the ARDRA and T-RFLP profiles result from ageing of the soil, treatment of the soil with DNOC induces major modifications of these profiles. Therefore, for the practical purpose of pesticide registration, ARDRA and T-RFLP analysis performed on the dominant culturable fraction of the soil bacteria, implemented using conventional gel electrophoresis, offers the means of a routine, simple and meaningful test for detecting some of the changes affecting the structure of the soil microflora in response to pesticide application. 相似文献
34.
35.
Yu SW Wang H Poitras MF Coombs C Bowers WJ Federoff HJ Poirier GG Dawson TM Dawson VL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5579):259-263
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) protects the genome by functioning in the DNA damage surveillance network. PARP-1 is also a mediator of cell death after ischemia-reperfusion injury, glutamate excitotoxicity, and various inflammatory processes. We show that PARP-1 activation is required for translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the nucleus and that AIF is necessary for PARP-1-dependent cell death. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, H2O2, and N-methyl-d-aspartate induce AIF translocation and cell death, which is prevented by PARP inhibitors or genetic knockout of PARP-1, but is caspase independent. Microinjection of an antibody to AIF protects against PARP-1-dependent cytotoxicity. These data support a model in which PARP-1 activation signals AIF release from mitochondria, resulting in a caspase-independent pathway of programmed cell death. 相似文献
36.
Yao J Liu Z Liu Y Wang Y Sun C Bartal G Stacy AM Zhang X 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5891):930
Negative refraction in metamaterials has generated great excitement in the scientific community. Although negative refraction has been realized in microwave and infrared by using metamaterials and by using two-dimensional waveguide structures, creation of a bulk metamaterial showing negative refraction at visible frequency has not been successful, mainly because of the significant resonance losses and fabrication difficulties. We report bulk metamaterials made of nanowires that show such negative refraction for all incident angles in the visible region. Moreover, the negative refraction occurs far from any resonance, resulting in a low-loss and a broad-band propagation at visible frequencies. These remarkable properties can substantially affect applications such as imaging, three-dimensional light manipulation, and optical communication. 相似文献
37.
Rett syndrome is an autism spectrum disorder caused by mosaic expression of mutant copies of the X-linked MECP2 gene in neurons. However, neurons do not die, which suggests that this is not a neurodegenerative disorder. An important question for future therapeutic approaches to this and related disorders concerns phenotypic reversibility. Can viable but defective neurons be repaired, or is the damage done during development without normal MeCP2 irrevocable? Using a mouse model, we demonstrate robust phenotypic reversal, as activation of MeCP2 expression leads to striking loss of advanced neurological symptoms in both immature and mature adult animals. 相似文献
38.
Mueller CA Broz P Müller SA Ringler P Erne-Brand F Sorg I Kuhn M Engel A Cornelis GR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5748):674-676
Many pathogenic bacteria use injectisomes to deliver effector proteins into host cells through type III secretion. Injectisomes consist of a basal body embedded in the bacterial membranes and a needle. In Yersinia, translocation of effectors requires the YopB and YopD proteins, which form a pore in the target cell membrane, and the LcrV protein, which assists the assembly of the pore. Here we report that LcrV forms a distinct structure at the tip of the needle, the tip complex. This unique localization of LcrV may explain its crucial role in the translocation process and its efficacy as the main protective antigen against plague. 相似文献
39.
Brown GC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5608):838-839
40.
Because animals require oxygen, an increase in late-Neoproterozoic oxygen concentrations has been suggested as a stimulus for their evolution. The iron content of deep-sea sediments shows that the deep ocean was anoxic and ferruginous before and during the Gaskiers glaciation 580 million years ago and that it became oxic afterward. The first known members of the Ediacara biota arose shortly after the Gaskiers glaciation, suggesting a causal link between their evolution and this oxygenation event. A prolonged stable oxic environment may have permitted the emergence of bilateral motile animals some 25 million years later. 相似文献