Back to the roots: how do seedlings of native tree species react to the competition by exotic species?     

Heike Kawaletz  Inga Mölder  Peter Annighöfer  André Terwei  Stefan Zerbe  Christian Ammer 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(3):337-347

Context

Identifying the traits of exotic species may explain their invasiveness and help control the negative impacts of these species on native ecosystems. In this study, we investigated root competition as an important driver for the competitiveness of two exotic tree species in the seedling stage.

Aims

In a pot experiment, carried out in Central Europe, we studied the effect of root competition of two exotic tree species (Prunus serotina Ehrh. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.) on biomass allocation of two native ones (Quercus robur L. and Carpinus betulus L.).

Methods

Seedlings of these species were exposed to intra- and interspecific mixtures with and without the effect of root competition. For this, belowground plastic partitions were installed in the pots.

Results

Competition intensity in the pots increased over time, irrespective of mixture type. However, this increase was much higher for the native species if mixed with the exotic species compared to monocultures or inter-native mixtures. In addition to ontogeny, competition affected biomass allocation patterns. Under root competition by the exotic species, the native species preferentially allocated their biomass to the roots. A higher allocation to the roots was mainly achieved at the expense of leaf and branch biomass.

Conclusion

Root competition of P. serotina and R. pseudoacacia may be a reason for the lack of Q. robur and C. betulus in the seedling stage in natural environments where all four species occur.  相似文献   

Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis     

Kiers ET  Duhamel M  Beesetty Y  Mensah JA  Franken O  Verbruggen E  Fellbaum CR  Kowalchuk GA  Hart MM  Bago A  Palmer TM  West SA  Vandenkoornhuyse P  Jansa J  Bücking H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6044):880-882

Plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal symbionts interact in complex underground networks involving multiple partners. This increases the potential for exploitation and defection by individuals, raising the question of how partners maintain a fair, two-way transfer of resources. We manipulated cooperation in plants and fungal partners to show that plants can detect, discriminate, and reward the best fungal partners with more carbohydrates. In turn, their fungal partners enforce cooperation by increasing nutrient transfer only to those roots providing more carbohydrates. On the basis of these observations we conclude that, unlike many other mutualisms, the symbiont cannot be "enslaved." Rather, the mutualism is evolutionarily stable because control is bidirectional, and partners offering the best rate of exchange are rewarded.  相似文献   

Mutations in the pericentrin (PCNT) gene cause primordial dwarfism     

Rauch A  Thiel CT  Schindler D  Wick U  Crow YJ  Ekici AB  van Essen AJ  Goecke TO  Al-Gazali L  Chrzanowska KH  Zweier C  Brunner HG  Becker K  Curry CJ  Dallapiccola B  Devriendt K  Dörfler A  Kinning E  Megarbane A  Meinecke P  Semple RK  Spranger S  Toutain A  Trembath RC  Voss E  Wilson L  Hennekam R  de Zegher F  Dörr HG  Reis A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5864):816-819

Fundamental processes influencing human growth can be revealed by studying extreme short stature. Using genetic linkage analysis, we find that biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the centrosomal pericentrin (PCNT) gene on chromosome 21q22.3 cause microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD II) in 25 patients. Adults with this rare inherited condition have an average height of 100 centimeters and a brain size comparable to that of a 3-month-old baby, but are of near-normal intelligence. Absence of PCNT results in disorganized mitotic spindles and missegregation of chromosomes. Mutations in related genes are known to cause primary microcephaly (MCPH1, CDK5RAP2, ASPM, and CENPJ).  相似文献   

CB1 cannabinoid receptors and on-demand defense against excitotoxicity     

Marsicano G  Goodenough S  Monory K  Hermann H  Eder M  Cannich A  Azad SC  Cascio MG  Gutiérrez SO  van der Stelt M  López-Rodriguez ML  Casanova E  Schütz G  Zieglgänsberger W  Di Marzo V  Behl C  Lutz B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5642):84-88

Abnormally high spiking activity can damage neurons. Signaling systems to protect neurons from the consequences of abnormal discharge activity have been postulated. We generated conditional mutant mice that lack expression of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 in principal forebrain neurons but not in adjacent inhibitory interneurons. In mutant mice,the excitotoxin kainic acid (KA) induced excessive seizures in vivo. The threshold to KA-induced neuronal excitation in vitro was severely reduced in hippocampal pyramidal neurons of mutants. KA administration rapidly raised hippocampal levels of anandamide and induced protective mechanisms in wild-type principal hippocampal neurons. These protective mechanisms could not be triggered in mutant mice. The endogenous cannabinoid system thus provides on-demand protection against acute excitotoxicity in central nervous system neurons.  相似文献   

Microbial reefs in the Black Sea fueled by anaerobic oxidation of methane     

Michaelis W  Seifert R  Nauhaus K  Treude T  Thiel V  Blumenberg M  Knittel K  Gieseke A  Peterknecht K  Pape T  Boetius A  Amann R  Jørgensen BB  Widdel F  Peckmann J  Pimenov NV  Gulin MB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5583):1013-1015

Massive microbial mats covering up to 4-meter-high carbonate buildups prosper at methane seeps in anoxic waters of the northwestern Black Sea shelf. Strong 13C depletions indicate an incorporation of methane carbon into carbonates, bulk biomass, and specific lipids. The mats mainly consist of densely aggregated archaea (phylogenetic ANME-1 cluster) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus group). If incubated in vitro, these mats perform anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to sulfate reduction. Obviously, anaerobic microbial consortia can generate both carbonate precipitation and substantial biomass accumulation, which has implications for our understanding of carbon cycling during earlier periods of Earth's history.  相似文献   

Die Ausnutzung von Wasser sowie Ca und K aus nicht durchwurzelten Dichtezonen zwischen vertikalen Grobporen in Abhängigkeit von der Bodenart     

Heike Bohne 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1991,154(3):199-203

The utilization of water and Ca and K from compacted non-rooted areas between macropores for two soils with different texture In pot experiments with wheat-seedlings and aggregates from a silty Luvisol and a clayic stagni-gleyic Cambisol it was investigated how water, Ca and K are utilized from the dense non-rooted soil between vertical rooted macropores (6, 3, 2 per volume). Root and shoot growth as well as water extraction was increased and the transpiration coefficient decreased for the plants grown in the pot with 3 macropores. During the early stage of growth most Ca was extracted from the pot with short flow distances. The utilization of K in this stage of growth was improved by long flow distances. For the stagni-gleyic Cambisol most dry matter of shoots and roots was produced and most water was extracted from the pot with short flow distances. The transpiration coefficient was smallest in this pot as well.  相似文献   

Distribution pattern of woodlice (Isopoda) and millipedes (Diplopoda) in four primeval forests of the Western Carpathians (Central Slovakia)     

Werner Topp  Heike Kappes  Peter Zach 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(1):43-50

We collected 1605 isopod individuals (eight species) and 671 diplopod individuals (17 species) in four primeval forests of the Western Carpathians, Central Slovakia, by leaf litter extraction. The forests are of different temperate deciduous forest types varying in tree species, aspect, elevation and soil characteristics. The oak forests, established on southwest oriented slopes at an elevation of 280-600 m, were characterized by Hyloniscus riparius, Porcellium conspersum, Enantiulus nanus and Ophioiulus pilosus. The beech forests, established on northeast oriented slopes at an elevation of 700-1100 m, were characterised by Ligidium hypnorum, Trachysphaera costata and Polyzonium germanicum. A remarkable increase of the total number of species and individuals occurred in both forest types adjacent to coarse woody debris (CWD). Woodlice density close to CWD was between 200 and 630 individuals m⁻² (35-130 individuals m⁻² distant from CWD); millipede density close to CWD ranged from 60 to 230 individuals m⁻² (15-75 individuals m⁻² distant from CWD). Species richness of both taxa close to CWD varied from 13 to 16 species m⁻² (7-12 species m⁻² distant from CWD). Thus, CWD has a significant influence on saprophages. However, structural components such as CWD and the amount of leaf litter did not significantly alter species assemblages. Species at sites distant from CWD were a subset of species at sites close to CWD. According to a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), ‘forest type’ and ‘elevation within a slope’, as well as chemistry of the upper soil layer, i.e. ‘acidification’ and ‘nutrition’, strongly influenced species assemblages.  相似文献   

Identification and stereochemical characterization of lignans in flaxseed and pumpkin seeds   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Sicilia T  Niemeyer HB  Honig DM  Metzler M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1181-1188

Phytoestrogens of the lignan type are widely distributed in plant-derived food items and are believed to protect against hormone-dependent cancer. The richest known dietary source of lignans is flaxseed. Flaxseed has been reported to contain glycosides of secoisolariciresinol as the major lignan, together with small amounts of matairesinol, isolariciresinol, and pinoresinol. Secoisolariciresinol, but none of the other lignans, has so far been identified in pumpkin seeds. In the present study, two different methods for the hydrolysis of lignan glycosides are compared. Artifact formation and loss of lignans under acidic conditions were observed. Lariciresinol was identified by GC-MS analysis in two different types of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L. and Linum flavum L.) and in pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) for the first time. Likewise, the novel lignan demethoxy-secoisolariciresinol was tentatively identified in the flaxseed samples. Stereochemical analysis by chiral HPLC of several lignans isolated from flaxseed showed that secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol, and lariciresinol consisted predominantly of one enantiomer.  相似文献   

Sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy reveals differences in sulfur speciation of bulk soils, humic acid, fulvic acid, and particle size separates     

Jörg Prietzel  Jürgen Thieme  Heike Knicker 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(4):877-890

X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra at the sulfur (S) K-edge (E=2472 eV) were compared for bulk soil material, humic and fulvic acid fractions, and different particle size separates from Ah horizons of two arable Luvisols, from an O and a Bs horizon of a Podzol under Norway spruce forest, and from an H horizon of a Histosol (peat bog). In the bulk soil samples, the contribution of reduced organic S (organic mono- and disulfides) to total sulfur increased from 27% to 52%, and the contribution of ester sulfate and SO₄²⁻-S decreased from 39% to 14% of total S in the following order: arable Luvisols Ah—forested Podzol O—Histosol H. This sequence reflects the increasing organic carbon content and the decreasing O₂ availability in that order. Neither sulfonate nor inorganic sulfide was detected in any of the bulk soil samples. For all samples except the Podzol Bs, the XANES spectra of the bulk soils differed considerably from the spectra of the humic and acid fractions of the respective soils, with the latter containing less reduced S (16-44% of total S) and more oxidized S (sulfone S: 19-35%; ester sulfate S: 14-38% of total S). Also the S speciation of most particle size fractions extracted from the Ah horizon of the Viehhausen Luvisol and the Bs horizon of the Podzol was different from that of the bulk soil. For both soils, the contribution of oxidized S species to total S increased and the contribution of sulfoxides and organic mono- and disulfides decreased with decreasing particle size. Thus, sulfur K-edge XANES spectra of alkaline soil extracts, including humic and fulvic acids or of particle size separates are not representative for the S speciation of the original soil sample they are derived from. The differences can be attributed to (i) artificial changes of the sulfur speciation during alkaline extraction (conversion of reduced S into oxidized S, loss of SO₄²⁻ during purification of the extracts by dialysis) or particle size separation (carry-over of water-soluble S, such as SO₄²⁻), but also to (ii) preferential enrichment of oxidized S in hydrophilic water-soluble soil organic matter (ester sulfate) and in the clay fraction of soils (ester sulfate, adsorbed SO₄²⁻).  相似文献   

Detection of colostrum-derived alloantibodies in calves with bovine neonatal pancytopenia     

Bridger PS  Bauerfeind R  Wenzel L  Bauer N  Menge C  Thiel HJ  Reinacher M  Doll K 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,144(1-2):1-10

Receptors of the immunoglobulin-like superfamily are critically involved in virtually every aspect of immune responses. One large chromosomal area encoding such immunoregulatory receptors is the leukocyte receptor cluster. Here we review various aspects of the chicken Ig-like receptor (CHIR) family, located on microchromosome 31, an orthologous position to the mammalian leukocyte receptor cluster. The CHIR family has been massively expanded with over hundred CHIR genes that are further distinguished into activating, inhibitory and bifunctional receptors. Comparisons of various features such as amino acid motifs, genomic structure, expression and associated adaptor molecules reveal the homology of CHIR to both the killer Ig-like and the leukocyte Ig-like receptor families, with most pronounced correlation of certain CHIR to the NK cell receptor KIR2DL4. To date the CHIR ligands remain largely obscure with the exception of CHIR-AB1 that binds to chicken IgY. Detailed analyses of CHIR-AB1, its crystal structure, the interaction to IgY and functional capabilities allow us to draw conclusions regarding Fc receptor phylogeny and function.  相似文献