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61.
DE Nadaillay M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1892,20(503):170-171
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An international effort (sponsored by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research) is being made to develop oral vaccines that will protect village chickens against Newcastle disease. The vaccines being used are derivatives of the avirulent Australian V4 strain that have been selected for enhanced heat resistance. The present study, undertaken in Sri Lanka, used local processed (parboiled) rice as a vehicle for the vaccine. Chickens receiving two doses of vaccine on cooked, parboiled rice were completely protected against contact challenge with the virulent SL 88/1 Sri Lankan strain of Newcastle disease virus Chickens kept in contact with these vaccinated chickens were similarly protected. Lower levels of protection were achieved with vaccine given on uncooked parboiled rice. V4 vaccine administered intranasally also gave complete protection. Serums from vaccinated chickens that survived challenge were tested for haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies, using both vaccine virus and challenge virus as antigens. Titres were higher against vaccine virus. 相似文献
64.
B.I.G. Haussmann D.E. Hess B.V.S. Reddy S.Z. Mukuru M. Kayentao H.G. Welz H.H. Geiger 《Euphytica》2001,122(2):297-308
The parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. seriously limits sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production in Sub-Saharan Africa. As an outbreeder, S. hermonthica is highly variable with an extraordinary capacity to adapt to different hosts and environments, thereby complicating resistance
breeding. To study genotype x environment (G x E) interaction for striga resistance and grain yield, nine sorghum lines, 36
F2 populations and five local checks were grown under striga infestation at two locations in both Mali and Kenya. Mean squares
due to genotypes and G x E interaction were highly significant for both sorghum grain yield and area under striga severity
progress curve(ASVPC, a measure of striga emergence and vigor throughout the season). For grain yield, the entry x location-within-country
interaction explained most of the total G x E while for ASVPC, entry x country and entry x location-within-country interactions
were equally important. Pattern analysis (classification and ordination techniques) was applied to the environment-standardized
matrix of entry x environment means. The classification clearly distinguished Malian from Kenyan locations for ASVPC, but
not for grain yield. Performance plots for different entry groups showed differing patterns of adaptation. The ordination
biplot underlined the importance of entry x country interaction for ASVPC. The F2 derived from the cross of the striga-resistant line Framida with the striga-tolerant cultivar Seredo was the superior entry
for both grain yield and ASVPC, underlining the importance of combining resistance with tolerance in striga resistance breeding.
The observed entry x country interaction for ASVPC may be due to the entries' different reactions to climatic conditions and
putative differences in striga virulence in Mali and Kenya.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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The use of indicator taxa for conservation planning is common, despite inconsistent evidence regarding their effectiveness. These inconsistencies may be the result of differences among species and taxonomic groups studied, geographic location, or scale of analysis. The scale of analysis can be defined by grain and extent, which are often confounded. Grain is the size of each observational unit and extent is the size of the entire study area. Using species occurrence records compiled by NatureServe from survey data, range maps, and expert opinion, we examined correlations in species richness between each of seven taxa (amphibians, birds, butterflies, freshwater fish, mammals, freshwater mussels, and reptiles) and total richness of the remaining six taxa at varying grains and extents in two regions of the US (Mid-Atlantic and Pacific Northwest). We examined four different spatial units of interest: hexagon (∼649 km2), subecoregion (3800-34,000 km2), ecoregion (8300-79,000 km2), and geographic region (315,000-426,000 km2). We analyzed the correlations with varying extent of analysis (grain held constant at the hexagon) and varying grain (extent held constant at the region). The strength of correlation among taxa was context dependent, varying widely with grain, extent, region, and taxon. This suggests that (1) taxon, grain, extent, and study location explain, in part, inconsistent results of previous studies; (2) planning based on indicator relationships developed at other grains or extents should be undertaken cautiously; and (3) planning based on indicator relationships developed in other geographic locations is risky, even if planning occurs at an equivalent grain and extent. 相似文献
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Comparative Earth History and Late Permian Mass Extinction 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The repeated association during the late Neoproterozoic Era of large carbon-isotopic excursions, continental glaciation, and stratigraphically anomalous carbonate precipitation provides a framework for interpreting the reprise of these conditions on the Late Permian Earth. A paleoceanographic model that was developed to explain these stratigraphically linked phenomena suggests that the overturn of anoxic deep oceans during the Late Permian introduced high concentrations of carbon dioxide into surficial environments. The predicted physiological and climatic consequences for marine and terrestrial organisms are in good accord with the observed timing and selectivity of Late Permian mass extinction. 相似文献
69.
Frankel RB Blakemore RP DE Araujo FF Esquivel DM Danon J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,212(4500):1269-1270
Magnetotactic bacteria are present in fresh water and marine sediments of Fortaleza, Brazil, situated close to the geomagnetic equator. Both South-seeking and North-seeking bacteria are present in roughly equal numbers in the same samples. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the vertical component of the geomagnetic field selects the predominant polarity type among magnetotactic bacteria in natural environments. 相似文献
70.