Cost-effective strategies to conserve boreal forest biodiversity and long-term landscape-level maintenance of habitats     

Mikko Mönkkönen  Pasi Reunanen  Janne S. Kotiaho  Artti Juutinen  Olli-Pekka Tikkanen  Jari Kouki 《European Journal of Forest Research》2011,130(5):717-727

Setting aside parcels of land is the main conservation strategy to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss worldwide. Because funding for biological conservation is limited, it is important to distinguish the most efficient ways to use it. Here, we assess implications of alternative measures to conserve biodiversity in managed boreal forest landscapes. We calculated four alternative spatio-temporal scenarios and compared these to the current management regime over 100-year time period. In the alternative scenarios, a fixed amount of funding was invested in (1) permanent large reserves (each tens of ha in size), (2) permanent small reserves (each a few ha in size), (3) temporary small reserves (based on 10-year contracts with private land owners), and (4) green-tree retention (small groups of trees retained on clear-cuts). To assess biodiversity implications, we used habitat suitability indices to calculate overall habitat availability for five groups of red-listed and habitat-specific species associated with decaying spruce logs. The possibilities for timber harvests did not differ among the scenarios, but biodiversity performance was different. The scenarios with permanent reserves tended to outperform other scenarios, suggesting that conservation policies based on permanent reserves are the most cost-efficient in the long term. Results, however, varied among time scales and species groups. In the short term, a strategy of investment in temporary small reserves was the most efficient. Habitat for species associated with old spruce dead-wood and preferring shade was rare throughout all simulations, and therefore, it is likely that these species cannot be sustained in managed forests. Species that live on fresh dead-wood and are associated with forest edges coped well in all scenarios suggesting that such species will persist in managed landscapes without additional conservation efforts. Explicit definition of conservation objectives and time frames for conservation action are thus prerequisites for successful conservation planning.  相似文献   

Determining suitability of thermal development models to estimate temperature parameters for embryonic development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitona lepidus</Emphasis> Gyll. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)     

Abbas Arbab  Mark R. Mcneill 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(3):303-311

The clover root weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyll. is a pest of clovers (Trifolium spp.), particularly white clover (T. repens). Larva feeding severely impairs the capacity of white clover to fix atmospheric nitrogen, by attacking the nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Development of the egg stage was studied at six different constant temperatures ranging from 9 to 30°C to improve the basis for phenological forecasts. Development occurred over the entire range of temperatures, although hatching percentage at 30°C was only 24.4% compared to 90.1% at 28.5°C. Developmental time decreased with increase in temperature from 9 to 28.5°C but increased markedly at 30°C. At 28.5°C, the embryo development period was the shortest (10.35 days); whereas at 9°C, this parameter was the longest (55.08 days). Using linear regression, the lower threshold temperature was calculated 4.38°C and the thermal constant was 236.45 degree-days. The relationship between constant temperature and developmental rate was evaluated using nine models. The suitability of the models was evaluated based on eight indicators (R ², RSS, R _adj², AIC, BIC, AICC, W _j , and Z _i ). Of the nonlinear models, the Logan-6, Sharpe and DeMichele, and Lactin models were the most accurate at calculating t _opt of 27, 27.50, and 28°C, respectively. The results suggest that of the three models (Lactin, Briere, and Hilbert and Logan), that estimated critical temperatures, (t _min, t _opt, and t _max), Lactin gave the most suitable fit of data. This response of S. lepidus to temperature can be used for developing phonological models to predict the timing of egg hatch which are important for management programs targeting the weevil.  相似文献   

The invasive South American tomato pinworm, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuta absoluta</Emphasis>, continues to spread in Afro-Eurasia and beyond: the new threat to tomato world production     

Nicolas Desneux  María G. Luna  Thomas Guillemaud  Alberto Urbaneja 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(4):403-408

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Dynamics of Nrf2 and Keap1 in ARE-mediated NQO1 expression by wasabi 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate     

Hou DX  Korenori Y  Tanigawa S  Yamada-Kato T  Nagai M  He X  He J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(22):11975-11982

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Apricot carotenoids possess potent anti-amyloidogenic activity in vitro     

Katayama S  Ogawa H  Nakamura S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(23):12691-12696

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by the progressive accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) in areas of the brain. There has been an increased interest in screening for food-grade anti-amyloidogenic compounds in foodstuffs. The purpose of this study was to screen and identify bioactive compounds with anti-amyloidogenicity in apricot fruits using synthetic Aβ(1-42). The anti-amyloidogenicity was investigated using thioflavin T fluorescence assay, electron microscopy, and dot blotting analysis. The carotenoid fraction from apricot showed strong inhibitory effects against oligomer and fibril formation of Aβ and fibril-destabilizing effects. Among the peaks in the HPLC chromatogram, lutein showed the strongest inhibitory effect on Aβ fibril formation. The inhibitory effect was dependent on the number and portion of hydroxyl groups on both sides of carotenoids. These findings suggest that lutein in fruits may be useful as a preventive agent for amyloid-associated diseases.  相似文献   

Effects of growth and dietary crude protein level until first insemination on milk production during first lactation in Holstein heifers     

Takashige ISHII  Kenji KAWASHIMA  Haruo ORIBE  Hiromi UEDA  Toshiya HASUNUMA  Kiyoshi AKIYAMA  Hirofumi NAKAYAMA  Mitsunori KURIHARA  Fuminori TERADA  Shiro KUSHIBIKI 《Animal Science Journal》2011,82(6):741-746

To decrease the age at first calving in Holsteins, the effects of average daily body weight gain (ADG) and crude protein (CP) level until first insemination on growth performance and milk production were examined. The MM group had a target ADG of 0.75 kg and received a diet with a CP level of 14%. The HM and HH groups had a target ADG of 1 kg; both these groups received a diet with CP levels 14% and 16%, respectively. The ADG in the HM and HH groups was 1.1 kg, whereas in the MM group it was 0.97 kg (P < 0.01). The HM and HH groups showed no differences in withers height at body weight 350 kg. The ages at first calving in MM, HM and HH groups were 23.1, 21.0 and 21.8 months, respectively. The HM and HH groups had lower milk yield at day 305 than the MM group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that growth performance until first insemination should be maintained at an ADG of 0.97 kg or less with a CP level of approximately 14%, to shorten time until first insemination and prevent the decrease of milk yield.  相似文献   

FTIR-ATR-based prediction and modelling of lignin and energy contents reveals independent intra-specific variation of these traits in bioenergy poplars     

Guanwu Zhou  Gail Taylor  Andrea Polle 《Plant methods》2011,7(1):9

Background  

There is an increasing demand for renewable resources to replace fossil fuels. However, different applications such as the production of secondary biofuels or combustion for energy production require different wood properties. Therefore, high-throughput methods are needed for rapid screening of wood in large scale samples, e.g., to evaluate the outcome of tree breeding or genetic engineering. In this study, we investigated the intra-specific variability of lignin and energy contents in extractive-free wood of hybrid poplar progenies (Populus trichocarpa × deltoides) and tested if the range was sufficient for the development of quantitative prediction models based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Since lignin is a major energy-bearing compound, we expected that the energy content of wood would be positively correlated with the lignin content.  相似文献   

A simple and efficient method for isolating small RNAs from different plant species     

FlordeFátima Rosas-Cárdenas  Noé Durán-Figueroa  Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada  Andrés Cruz-Hernández  Nayelli Marsch-Martínez  Stefan de Folter 《Plant methods》2011,7(1):4

Background  

Small RNAs emerged over the last decade as key regulators in diverse biological processes in eukaryotic organisms. To identify and study small RNAs, good and efficient protocols are necessary to isolate them, which sometimes may be challenging due to the composition of specific tissues of certain plant species. Here we describe a simple and efficient method to isolate small RNAs from different plant species.  相似文献   

Diofenolan: a novel insect growth regulator in common citrus butterfly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Papilio demoleus</Emphasis>     

Satya Singh  Krishna Kumar 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(3):205-213

Penultimate and last instar larvae of the common citrus swallowtail butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera), were treated with different doses of a novel juvenoid, diofenolan. Several deformities were observed as a result of topical administration of diofenolan which include delay in larval–larval and larval–pupal ecdysis, ecdysial failure, mortality, severe reduction in pupation, deformed pupae and complete inhibition of adult emergence. The juvenoid diofenolan severely hampers the normal growth, development and metamorphosis of P. demoleus and can be incorporated into integrated pest management programs for successful control of this important pest of citrus all over the world.  相似文献   

Note on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wahlgreniella nervata</Emphasis> (Gillette, 1908) (Hemiptera: Aphididae): a new pest of Damask rose in Turkey     

Shalva Barjadze  İsmail Karaca  Bülent Yaşar  Nana Gratiashvili 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(3):239-241

Alate viviparous females of Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette) were found on a Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) plantation in Isparta Province, Turkey. The aphid is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Besides, Damask rose is a new host for this species. Brief information about this aphid including a key to the alate females of aphid species known to infest Damask rose in Turkey is provided.  相似文献