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The dynamics of pyriproxyfen resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) have been studied intensively in cotton fields and greenhouses in Israel. High resistance to pyriproxyfen evolved one year after its introduction for use on flowers in greenhouses, after three successive applications. After ten years of pyriproxyfen use in cotton fields, with only one application per season, a high level of resistance was observed, but its rate of development differed among localities. It is hypothesized that these differences reflect temporal and spatial variations in the availability of alternative host plants for B tabaci, and that pyriproxyfen resistance evolved most readily in geographically isolated areas. It is also likely that the occurrence and development of resistance is partially biotype-related. Pyriproxyfen use has ceased in high-resistance localities, but in areas with low frequencies of resistance, cotton growers have continued to achieve acceptable control of B tabaci with pyriproxyfen. Due to the absence of applications of pyriproxyfen in some cotton fields, resistance levels tended to decline between 1998 and 2001. Laboratory experiments support the hypothesis that this decline reflects, in part, fitness costs associated with pyriproxyfen resistance. 相似文献
23.
Note: Effect of the surfactant BB5 on the potency of thiamethoxam against the whiteflyBemisia tabaci
BB5, an alkyl phenoxy polyethylene ethanol formulated in acidic buffer, is an adjuvant added usually to various pesticides
to potentiate their activities on various biological systems. Addition of 0.2% BB5 resulted in a considerable increase of
thiamethoxam toxicity onBemisia tabaci (Gennadius) nymphs. According to LC50 values, the combined effect was over 25-fold higher than that of thiamethoxam alone. On the other hand, no appreciable combined
effect was observed when BB5 and thiamethoxam were applied together onB. tabaci adults. The importance of these results is discussed.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 20, 2004. 相似文献
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25.
Isaac Ishaaya Anna Elsner K. R. Simon Ascher John E. Casida 《Pest management science》1983,14(4):367-372
The potency of six dietary pyrethroids, as toxicants and inhibitors of weight gain in first- and fourth-instar Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) larvae, decreased in the order of cis-cypermethrin and deltamethrin > trans-cypermethrin and cis-permethrin > fenvalerate and trans-permethrin. Dosages that reduced larval weight also delayed pupation and emergence, probably due to their antifeeding activity. Three oxidase inhibitors (piperonyl butoxide, O, O-diethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate, and O-isobutyl O-prop-2-ynyl phenylphosphonate), at a dietary concentration of 100 mg kg?1, had little or no effect on the toxicity of trans-permethrin, but strongly synergised the toxicity of cis-cypermethrin by about 3-, 3- and 10-fold, respectively. Piperonyl butoxide also synergised the toxicity of cis-permethrin, trans-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, but not that of fenvalerate. On the other hand, an esterase inhibitor, profenofos, did not enhance the potency of any of the α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids. Oxidases appear to be more important than esterases in pyrethroid detoxification by T. castaneum larvae. 相似文献
26.
Kontsedalov S Gottlieb Y Ishaaya I Nauen R Horowitz R Ghanim M 《Pest management science》2009,65(1):5-13
BACKGROUND: Spiromesifen is a novel insecticidal/acaricidal compound derived from spirocyclic tetronic acids that acts effectively against whiteflies and mites via inhibition of acetyl‐CoA‐carboxylase, a lipid metabolism enzyme. The effects of spiromesifen on the developmental stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were studied under laboratory conditions to generate baseline action thresholds for field evaluations of the compound. RESULTS: Adult B. tabaci mortality rate after spiromesifen treatment (5 mg L?1) was 40%. Treatment with 0.5 mg L?1 reduced fecundity per female by more than 80%, and fertility was almost nil. LC50 for eggs was 2.6 mg L?1, and for first instar 0.5 mg L?1. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that eggs laid by treated adult females had an abnormally perforated chorion, and females were unable to complete oviposition. Light and fluorescent microscopy showed significantly smaller eggs following treatment, and smaller, abnormally formed and improperly localized bacteriomes in eggs and nymphs. The number of ovarioles counted in females treated with 5 mg L?1 was significantly reduced. Spiromesifen showed no cross‐resistance with other commonly used insecticides from different chemical groups, and resistance monitoring in Israel showed no development of field resistance to this insecticide after 1 year of use. CONCLUSION: The strong effect on juvenile stages of B. tabaci with a unique mode of action and the absence of cross‐resistance with major commonly used insecticides from different chemical groups suggest the use of spiromesifen in pest and resistance management programmes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
27.
Milbemectin has a chemical structure close to the group of avermectins, which are derived fromStreptomyces avermitilis, and is considered primarily an efficient miticide. Effects of milbemectin on the sweetpotato whitefly,Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, were investigated under laboratory and field conditions. In bioassays conducted under controlled chamber conditions,
the compound affected 1st instars ofB. tabaci, resulting in a LC90 of 0.06 mg a.i. I-1. Later stage larvae were much less affected. Milbemectin is highly photodegradable in sunlight. In laboratory
assays, when treated cotton seedlings were subjected to 3 h of sunlight before being exposed toB. tabaci adults, no mortality of the whiteflies was observed. Milbemectin at a concentration of 2 mg a.i. I-1 applied in combination
with 0.2% ‘Ultra Fine’ mineral oil showed a residual activity of 67% adult mortality 10 days after application, whereas milbemectin
alone had no appreciable activity. The effect of milbemectin on whitefly populations in a cotton field was compared with that
of cypermethrin and of untreated control. Although milbemectin was not applied with mineral oil, it was more effective than
cypermethrin in controlling the whitefly populations. This insecticide/miticide seems not to affect appreciably natural enemies
ofB. tabaci. Milbemectin may be considered a compound with the potential for controllingB. tabaci populations. Mineral oils enhanced the potency of milbemectin on both whitefly larvae and adults.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 27, 1999. Contribution No. 501/99 from the Inst. of Plant Protection, Agricultural
Research Organization. 相似文献
28.
Pyriproxyfen, a novel juvenile hormone mimic, is a potent suppressor of embryogenesis and adult formation of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Dipping of cotton or tomato seedlings infested with 0 to 1-day-old eggs in 0.1 mg litre?1 resulted in over 90% suppression of egg hatch of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. Older eggs were affected to a lesser extent. Exposure of whitefly females to cotton or tomato seedlings treated with pyriproxyfen resulted in oviposition of non-viable eggs. The LC90 values for egg viability of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum exposed to treated plants were 0.05 and 0.2 mg litre?1, respectively. Treatment of whitefly larvae with 0.04–5 mg litre?1 resulted in normal development until the pupal stage; however, adult emergence was totally suppressed. Second instars of B. tabaci exposed to 5 mg litre?1 pyriproxyfen, excreted honeydew at a level similar to the control level until the fourth instar (pupation), after which a strong reduction was observed. Inhibition of egg-hatch on the lower surface of cotton leaves was observed when their upper surface was treated with 1–25 mg litre?1, indicating a pronounced translaminar effect. These findings indicate that pyriproxyfen is an efficient control agent of both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. The compound has been used successfully for controlling whiteflies in Israeli cotton fields since 1991. Adults of B. tabaci collected from a rose greenhouse and from adjacent cotton fields were monitored during 1991–1993 for their susceptibility to pyriproxyfen. A high level of resistance was recorded in whiteflies collected from a greenhouse after three successive applications of pyriproxyfen. Based on LC50 values, the resistance ratio for egg-hatch suppression was 554-fold and, for adult emergence failure, 10-fold. However, a single treatment of pyriproxyfen in cotton fields during the summer season (according to an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy) did not alter appreciably the susceptibility of B. tabaci to this compound. In order to prevent development of resistance, an attempt should be made to restrict its use to one treatment per crop season applied during the peak activity of the pest. Pyriproxyfen can be alternated with other novel compounds such as buprofezin and diafenthiuron for controlling whiteflies in cotton, vegetables and ornamentals as part of integrated pest management (IPM) and IRM strategies. In pyriproxyfen- or buprofezin-resistant strains of B. tabaci or T. vaporariorum, no appreciable cross-resistance was observed among pyriproxyfen, buprofezin and diafenthiuron. 相似文献
29.
Ilan Neubauer Nadav Aharonson Isaac Ishaaya Benjamin Raccah Larisa Soroksi 《Pest management science》1982,13(4):387-394
A study was made of the accumulation of aldicarb, ethiofencarb and dimethoate in citrus leaves and fruit; the toxicity of these insecticides to the spirea aphid (Aphis citricola Van der Goot) was also studied. The effectiveness of the treatments was affected mainly by the rate of accumulation of the toxicant in the leaves. At 18 g a.i. per tree, the greatest residues found in the leaves were 106, 12.2 and 1.3 μg 8?1 fresh weight for aldicarb, ethiofencarb and dimethoate, respectively. The concentration in mature leaves was very similar to that in young leaves. The residue levels in the mature fruits were much lower than in the leaves. The main components of the residues in the leaves were aldicarb sulphoxide [2-methyl-2-(methylsulphinyl)- propionaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime], dimethoate, omethoate and ethiofencarb sulphoxide [2-(ethylsulphinylmethyl)phenyl methylcarbamate]. A laboratory study with synthetic diets showed similar toxicity for all three insecticides, whereas in detached leaves, or when taken up by citrus trees, ethiofencarb was the least toxic to the aphids. 相似文献