Paratuberculosis, a notifiable disease in Austria--current status, compulsory measures and first experiences     

Khol JL  Damoser J  Dünser M  Baumgartner W 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,82(3-4):302-307

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is one of the most important diseases in ruminants today. Its contribution is worldwide and the disease is causing severe financial losses among cattle producers in some countries [Hasanova, L., Pavlik, I., 2006. Economic impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds: a review. Vet. Med.-Czech. 51, 193–211]. Paratuberculosis is untreatable; diagnosis limited to the early stages of the infection and control of the disease is difficult. The prevalence of serologically positive Austrian cattle farms rose significantly to 19.0% during the past years [Baumgartner, W., Damoser, J., Khol, J.L., 2005. Comparison of two studies concerning the prevalence of bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in Austrian cattle in the years 1995–1997 and 2002/2003 (Article in German with extended English summary). Vet. Med. Austria/Wien. Tierärztl. Mschr. 92, 274–277]. Based on these findings clinical paratuberculosis in ruminants was declared a notifiable disease in Austria in April 2006.

A survey of the current situation in Austria, the most important parts of the new compulsory measures and their practical implementation and impacts are presented in this short communication.  相似文献   

盐生植物做除虫杀菌剂应用展望   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘玉玲  陈新林  刘兴 《北方水稻》2006,(2):35-36

盐生植物做除虫杀菌剂,用于生产绿色食品,解决农药在植物体内的残留问题,使人们重新认识植物源除虫杀菌剂的作用。重点阐述了可用于除虫杀菌的盐生植物的种类和性能,盐生植物除虫杀菌剂的制作及使用方法。面对在农产品贸易中苛刻的农药残留标准,使用植物源农药,减少化学农药的施用量,生产绿色无公害食品,盐生植物具有极大的潜在威力。  相似文献   

金纹细蛾幼虫在陇东苹果树冠层的空间分布研究          下载免费PDF全文

牛军强  董铁  尹晓宁  刘兴禄  孙文泰  马明 《寒旱农业科学》2022,(9):72-75

为掌握金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠层不同部位的发生规律,为科学防治提供技术支持。以长富2号10年生富士苹果园为研究对象,通过对不同时期金纹细蛾幼虫发生规律、树冠分布特征和集聚性分析,研究了陇东金纹细蛾幼虫在苹果树冠上的空间分布结构。结果发现,金纹细蛾幼虫1 a发生5代。在世代重叠现象和苹果生长期药剂防控的双重影响下,第2代以后各世代之间未出现明显的高峰,在9月上旬之前幼虫数量虽有增长,但增长非常缓慢,而进入9月下旬之后越冬代数量成倍数骤增。从幼虫在树冠上的空间分布看,存在东向和北向＞南向和西向、下部 ＞ 上部、内膛 ＞ 外围的趋势,但是在统计学上却没有显著差异;幼虫在苹果树冠中的分布呈一定的聚集性分布,但聚集度比较小。在前期防控的基础上,加强9月下旬以后的防控,是减少翌年虫源的关键。药剂防控中,在保证树冠全方位防控的同时,树冠下部、内膛、南向和西向为重点防控的空间部位。  相似文献   

Xylan-rich hemicelluloses-graft-acrylic acid ionic hydrogels with rapid responses to pH, salt, and organic solvents     

Peng XW  Ren JL  Zhong LX  Peng F  Sun RC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(15):8208-8215

Exploitation of biomaterials derived from renewable resources is an important approach to address environmental and resource problems in the world today. In this paper, novel ionic hydrogels based on xylan-rich hemicelluloses were prepared by free radical graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and xylan-rich hemicelluloses (XH) by using N,N-methylene-bis(acrylamide) (MBA) as cross-linker and ammonium persulfate/N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (APS/TMEDA) as redox initiator system. The network characteristics of the ionic hydrogels were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as by determination of mechanical properties, swelling, and stimuli responses to pH, salts, and organic solvents. The results showed that an increase in the MBA/XH or AA/XH ratio resulted in higher cross-linking density of the network and thus decreased the swelling ratio. Expansion of the network hydrogels took place at high pH, whereas shrinkage occurred at low pH or in salt solutions as well as in organic solvents. The ionic hydrogels had high water adsorption capacity and showed rapid and multiple responses to pH, ions, and organic solvents, which may allow their use in several areas such as adsorption, separation, and drug release systems.  相似文献   

Kinetic study of the thermal hydrolysis of Agave salmiana for mezcal production     

Garcia-Soto MJ  Jimenez-Islas H  Navarrete-Bolanos JL  Rico-Martinez R  Miranda-Lopez R  Botello-Alvarez JE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(13):7333-7340

The kinetics of the thermal hydrolysis of the fructans of Agave salmiana were determined during the cooking step of mezcal production in a pilot autoclave. Thermal hydrolysis was achieved at different temperatures and cooking times, ranging from 96 to 116 °C and from 20 to 80 h. A simple kinetic model of the depolymerization of fructans to monomers and other reducing sugars and of the degradation of reducing sugars to furans [principally 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, HMF] was developed. From this model, the rate constants of the reactions were calculated, as well as the pre-exponential factors and activation energies of the Arrhenius equation. The model was found to fit the experimental data well. The tradeoff between a maximum fructan hydrolysis and a critical furan concentration in allowing for the best ethanol yield during fermentation was investigated. The results indicated that the thermal hydrolysis of agave was optimal, from the point of view of ethanol yield in the ensuing fermentation, in the temperature range of 106-116 °C and the cooking range time of 6-14 h. The optimal conditions corresponded to a fructan hydrolysis of 80%, producing syrups with furan and reducing sugar concentrations of 1 ± 0.1 and 110 ± 10 g/L, respectively.  相似文献   

Starch characterization and ethanol production of sorghum     

Ai Y  Medic J  Jiang H  Wang D  Jane JL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(13):7385-7392

This study aimed to characterize and compare the chemical structures, physical properties, and enzymatic hydrolysis rates of five sorghum starches (6B73, 6C21, 6C69, 7R34, and X789) with that of corn starch (B73). Sorghum kernels consisted of 68.7-70.6% starch, more than the B73 corn (67.4%). Sorghum starches displayed higher gelatinization temperatures (66.6-67.4 °C), greater gelatinization enthalpy changes (13.0-14.0 J/g), and greater percentages of retrogradation (60.7-69.1%), but slower enzymatic hydrolysis rates (83.8-87.8% at 48 h) than the B73 corn starch (61.7 °C, 10.1 J/g, 51.5%, and 88.5%, respectively). These differences could result from the sorghum amylopectins consisting of fewer short branch chains (DP 6-12) (12.8-14.0%) than the corn amylopectin (15.0%). The sorghum starches showed greater peak and breakdown viscosities but lower setback viscosities than the B73 corn starch, resulting from the lower amylose content of the sorghum starches. After 96 h of fermentation, most ground sorghums exhibited lower ethanol yields (30.5-31.8%) than the ground B73 corn (31.8%).  相似文献   

采用两种突变方法对甘蓝黑腐病菌XC_1348基因的功能解析     

白先放  梁伟  薛番艳  刘兴艳  苏辉昭  安世琦  李瑞芳  陆光涛 《广西农业生物科学》2012,(3):249-256

为研究甘蓝黑腐病菌Xcc8004基因组中一个功能未知的假定蛋白XC_1348的基因功能,本研究用自杀质粒pK18mob和pK18mobSacB分别通过同源单交换和同源双交换构建XC_1348的非极性整合突变体1348nk和有标记的缺失突变体DM1348Gm,并对两种突变体的表型进行检测,结果显示该基因突变后不影响细菌的胞外多糖（EPS）产量、胞外酶活性以及细菌游动性.有趣的是该基因的两种突变体的致病力存在较大差异,原因可能是Xcc经两种方法定点突变后分别具有的不同基因组结构而影响到某些基因的表达所致.通过研究初步了解了XC_1348基因的功能并为今后改进定点突变方法提供现实依据.  相似文献   

十字花科黑腐病菌中转录调控因子HpaR1调控一个纤维素酶基因的表达     

薛番艳  苏辉昭  刘兴艳  梁伟  李磊  李瑞芳  陆光涛 《广西农业生物科学》2012,(4):333-340

十字花科黑腐病菌（Xcc8004）中的一个转录调控因子XC2736（npaRI）在致病过程中具有重要的作用。前期研究发现该转录调控因子可能调控胞外纤维素酶的合成。为了解HpaRI对纤维素酶的转录调控机理,本研究对HpaR1进行原核表达纯化,并与488bp的包含XC0639的启动子区DNA片段进行凝胶电泳迁移率试验,发现HpaR1与XC0639启动子可以发生结合。将488bp的XC0639的启动子DNA片段与报告基因gus融合,构建XC0639的报告质粒pGUS0639r,分别导入野生型8004菌株和缺失突变体DM2736中,分析发现在突变体背景下GUS的表达水平比野生型背景明显降低。表明HpaRl正调控XC0639的表达。构建XC0639的极性整合突变体PK0639,检测发现PK0639几乎丧失胞外纤维素酶的活力;通过功能反式互补构建的互补菌株CPK0639可以恢复纤维素酶活性。研究结果表明HpaRl通过调控纤维素酶基因XC-0639的表达来调控细胞的纤维素酶活性。本研究为更深入地了解HpaR1如何调控细菌生理生化功能奠定了基础。  相似文献   

残膜捡拾压缩车及其作业工艺设计与试验     

刘进宝  郑炫  赵岩  陈学庚  刘兴爱  葛士林 《农业工程学报》2017,33(19):17-26

为解决残膜回收时捡拾率低、机具集膜箱存储量小、机械化作业过程不连续等问题,研制了一种棉田残膜捡拾压缩车,该机主要由清杂机构、捡膜机构、脱膜输送机构、压缩机构等组成,可同时完成残膜杂质分离、残膜捡拾、脱膜输送和压缩作业.通过对样机关键作业部件的设计,确定了清杂辊、捡膜机构和脱膜输送装置的结构及工作参数,并分析了机具作业过程.样机分别在3种残膜分段回收工艺:搂集—捡压、秸秆还田—搂集—捡压、秸秆还田—捡压中进行试验,田间试验表明,机具作业速度在5~7 km/h,清杂辊转速为240 r/min,捡膜机构转速为90 r/min,脱膜辊转速为1000 r/min时,在回收工艺一搂膜距离≤40 m,回收工艺二搂膜距离≤60 m时,膜堆残膜捡拾率大于80%,清杂率大于78%;在回收工艺三中,棉杆残留根茬高度≤80 mm时,未集堆地表残膜捡拾率达到88.21%,机具缠膜率小于2%,机具可一次性捡拾压缩回收8 hm2田间残膜.  相似文献   

河北平原中低产区小麦与玉米生产现状及增产潜力分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  

罗建美  靳根会  罗仲朋  王红营  齐永青  刘兴冉  沈彦俊 《中国生态农业学报》2016,24(8):1123-1134

本文基于2000—2013年MODIS/NDVI遥感信息与主要粮食作物的统计数据,分析了河北平原中低产区冬小麦和玉米生产的时空格局,并利用各县粮食作物主要生育期累积NDVI的逐年值、14年的最大值及单产统计数据,采用最小二乘法原理,进行数值曲线拟合,构建了单产遥感估测模型,估算了河北平原中低产区冬小麦和玉米的增产潜力。结果表明:1)冬小麦在邯郸和衡水的最大生产力水平较高,在沧州、廊坊及邢台中部的最大生产力水平较低,即后者挖掘增产潜力之后也很难达到前者的最大生产力水平;玉米的最大生产力水平普遍较高,挖掘增产潜力后均可达到较高的生产力水平。2)冬小麦和玉米总产增产潜力在沧州和邯郸较大;冬小麦单产增产潜力多低于10%,平均增产356 kg?hm?2(5.87%);玉米单产增产潜力多高于10%,平均增产798 kg?hm?2(12.33%);单产增产潜力区域分布不同,冬小麦为廊坊保定沧州邯郸邢台衡水,玉米为邢台邯郸保定沧州衡水廊坊。3)以河北平原近14年来作物累积NDVI的最大值估算的全区冬小麦增产潜力为3.90亿kg,玉米增产潜力为9.62亿kg,二者合计可增产13.52亿kg,约相当于区域冬小麦和玉米理论可达增产潜力的1/5。本文估测粮食作物增产潜力的方法可以应用于估测多尺度范围、不同作物的增产潜力,研究结果可为相关部门的决策和管理提供依据。  相似文献