Antimicrobial labelling in Australia: a threat to antimicrobial stewardship?          下载免费PDF全文

LY Hardefeldt  JR Gilkerson  H Billman‐Jacobe  MA Stevenson  K Thursky  KE Bailey 《Australian veterinary journal》2018,96(5):151-154

Antimicrobial resistance is a public health emergency, placing veterinary antimicrobial use under growing scrutiny. Antimicrobial stewardship, through appropriate use of antimicrobials, is a response to this threat. The need for antimicrobial stewardship in Australian veterinary practices has had limited investigation. A 2016 survey undertaken to investigate antimicrobial usage patterns by Australian veterinarians found that antimicrobial dose rates were varied and often inappropriate. Doses of procaine penicillin in horses and cattle were often low, with 68% and 90% of respondents, respectively, reporting doses that were unlikely to result in plasma concentrations above minimum inhibitory concentrations for common equine and bovine pathogens. Frequency of penicillin administration was also often inappropriate. Gentamicin doses in horses were largely appropriate (89% of dose rates appropriate), but 9% of respondents reported twice daily dosing. Amoxycillin and amoxycillin‐clavulanate were administered at the appropriate doses, or above, to dogs and cats by 54% and 70% of respondents, respectively. Here, we explore the potential reasons for inappropriate antimicrobial dose regimens and report that antimicrobial labels often recommend incorrect dose rates and thus may be contributing to poor prescribing practices. Changes to legislation are needed to ensure that antimicrobial drug labels are regularly updated to reflect the dose needed to effectively and safely treat common veterinary pathogens. This will be especially true if changes in legislation restrict antimicrobial use by veterinarians to the uses and doses specified on the label, thus hampering the current momentum towards improved antimicrobial stewardship.  相似文献   

Production of N2 and N2O from nitrate ingested by sheep          下载免费PDF全文

V. de Raphélis‐Soissan  J. V. Nolan  I. R. Godwin  J. R. Newbold  B. D. Eyre  D. V. Erler  R. S. Hegarty 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(1):e176-e182

Supplementing ruminants with nitrate reduces their enteric methane (CH₄) emissions; however, the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation achieved can be partially offset by small emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a more potent GHG. Sheep were dosed intraruminally with ¹⁵ to investigate whether dietary is a precursor of N₂O and/or di‐nitrogen gas (N₂), and to quantify the amounts of recovered as N₂O and N₂ in gas emissions from sheep adapted or not adapted to dietary . Ruminally cannulated sheep were adapted to a hay diet supplemented with (n = 3; 10 g /kg DM) or urea (n = 3; 5.3 g urea/kg DM). On the day of the experiment all sheep were dosed intraruminally with ¹⁵ and quickly moved into gas‐tight chambers to enable recovery of ¹⁵N in N₂O and N₂ to be measured. Measurements of gases accumulating in the chambers were made over 10 successive 50 min periods; this enabled the amount of N₂O produced, and the recovery of ¹⁵‐N in N₂O and N₂ to be determined over a total of 10 hr. Only 0.04% of labelled ‐N was recovered as N₂O, and this was not dependent (p > .05) on whether or not the animals had been adapted to dietary . Approximatively 3% of ¹⁵‐N was recovered as ¹⁵N₂, which was also not dependent (p > .05) on whether sheep had been adapted to . Because the kinetics of rumen ammonia (NH₃) were uncertain, the recovery of ¹⁵N from in rumen NH₃ could not accurately be quantified, but our results suggest that approximately 76% of dietary was converted to NH₃ in the rumen. We conclude that the small amount of recovered in N₂ was evidence of denitrification, previously thought not to occur in the rumen.  相似文献   

Rapid phenotyping for adult‐plant resistance to stripe rust in wheat     

Lee T. Hickey  Peter M. Wilkinson  Cheridan R. Knight  Ian D. Godwin  Olena Y. Kravchuk  Elizabeth A. B. Aitken  Urmil K. Bansal  Harbans S. Bariana  Ian H. De Lacy  Mark J. Dieters 《Plant Breeding》2012,131(1):54-61

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Seawater transmission and infection dynamics of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)     

Francisca Samsing  Megan Rigby  Hedda K. Tengesdal  Richard S. Taylor  Daniela Farias  Richard N. Morrison  Scott Godwin  Carla Giles  Jeremy Carson  Chloe J. English  Roger Chong  James W. Wynne 《Journal of fish diseases》2021,44(1):73-88

The Tasmanian salmon industry had remained relatively free of major viral diseases until the emergence of pilchard orthomyxovirus (POMV). Originally isolated from wild pilchards, POMV is of concern to the industry as it can cause high mortality in farmed salmon (Salmo salar). Field observations suggest the virus can spread from pen to pen and between farms, but evidence of passive transmission in sea water was unclear. Our aim was to establish whether direct contact between infected and naïve fish was required for transmission, and to examine viral infection dynamics. Atlantic salmon post‐smolts were challenged with POMV by either direct exposure via cohabitation or indirect exposure via virus‐contaminated sea water. POMV was transmissible in sea water and direct contact between fish was not required for infection. Head kidney and heart presented the highest viral loads in early stages of infection. POMV survivors presented low viral loads in most tissues, but these remained relatively high in gills. A consistent feature was the infiltration of viral‐infected melanomacrophages in different tissues, suggesting an important role of these in the immune response to POMV. Understanding POMV transmission and host–pathogen interactions is key for the development of improved surveillance tools, transmission models and ultimately for disease prevention.  相似文献   

Reducing the dimensionality of soil microinvertebrate community datasets using Indicator Species Analysis: Implications for ecosystem monitoring and soil management     

Katherine P. O'Neill  Harry W. Godwin  Jeffrey P. Battigelli 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(2):145-154

Soil microinvertebrates are closely associated with soil decomposition and nutrient cycles and may be particularly responsive indicators for soil management practices. However, identification of appropriate bioindicator species for many systems has been severely limited by a lack of information on species taxonomy, distribution, and functional role. We evaluated Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) as an objective method for assessing the indicator potential of different taxa without regard to their ecological role or expected management response. Restricting ordination and site classification to significant indicator morphotaxa reduced the dimensionality of the community data matrix by 69% while only slightly decreasing the efficiency of unsupervised classification (from 87.2 to 84.4%); the percentage of total variability explained by first two PCA axes increased following ISA. When these same indicator morphotaxa were used to classify an independent set of samples, the percentage of total variability explained by the first two PCA axes increased from 55.3 to 65.2%; cluster analysis of the test dataset correctly classified 47 out of 50 plots by cover type (94% accuracy). However, restriction of analysis to indicator morphotaxa alone reduced detection of differences between sampling dates relative to the complete dataset. Although care needs to be taken to ensure that the dataset used for indicator selection is fully representative of underlying temporal and spatial variability, ISA appears to overcome many of the limitations associated with parametric and multivariate approaches for identifying indicator morphotaxa and has the potential to greatly reduce the taxonomic expertise and labor costs associated with sorting and identification of soil microarthropods.  相似文献   

Preliminary Trial: Motility Comparisons of a Unique Freezing Technology (UFT) to Liquid Nitrogen Mist Methodology for Cryopreservation of Porcine Spermatozoa     

HA Goolsby  JR Blanton  PZ Cotter  SD Prien 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2004,39(5):328-332

The motility outcomes of boar semen frozen with newly developed freezing techniques using a new unique freezing technology (UFT) compared with traditional liquid nitrogen methodology were investigated with the intent of improving current fertility outcomes using semen. The UFT is an electronically controlled cooling chamber that houses an organic fluid bath that can be maintained at temperatures below 0 degrees C without solidifying to freeze samples. Four ejaculates from four different boars were collected for this trial. Samples were handled consistently during the pre- and post-freeze processing. From each ejaculate, samples were separated into eight cryopreservation treatment groups, six UFT variations and two control liquid nitrogen groups, immediately before freezing, in replicates of two. After the initial cryopreservation was complete, all samples were stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 48 h. Post-thaw motilities and original motility return percentages were assessed on a random, individual-sample basis. After the initial evaluations, samples from two boars were recollected and frozen using the UFT for breeding purposes. Four sows were bred with the UFT frozen semen to confirm fertility capability. When assessing the individual UFT techniques, all of six UFT techniques had improved post-thaw motilities. However, treatments F (micro = 29%, return micro = 37%) and J (micro = 27%, return micro = 34%) showed the highest statistical improvement for post-thaw (p < 0.05) and original motility percent returns (p < 0.05) when compared with either the control cryo-tube (micro = 15%, return micro = 19%) or straw groups (micro = 12%, return micro = 16%). The UFT semen had a 50% conception rate, with an average of seven piglets from the sows that farrowed. Our preliminary data suggest a higher motility return with a slower pre-freeze phase below the freezing point before the acceleration to liquid nitrogen temperatures. The preliminary data suggest that the UFT could be utilized as a potential cryopreservation option for boar semen.  相似文献   

Ethics and evidence-based medicine     

JR Gilkerson  CR Wilks 《Australian veterinary journal》2005,83(12):730-731

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Serological responses to two serovar‐independent ELISA antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Australian commercial pig herds     

GJ Eamens  JR Gonsalves  A‐M Whittington  B Turner 《Australian veterinary journal》2008,86(12):465-472

Objective To compare serological responses in pig herds classified as low or high risk for disease caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, using two ELISA tests based on serovar‐independent antigens. Procedure Cross‐sectional sampling was undertaken in 13 commercial herds, the clinical and slaughter histories of which indicated either freedom from (n = 5) or prior confirmed cases of A. pleuropneumoniae (n = 8). In nine herds, approximately 40 pigs each were sampled at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. Three of the remaining four herds were sampled between 6 and 30 weeks of age, and the last was sampled only prior to slaughter, at approximately 24 weeks. Sera were tested in ELISA based on two antigens common among A. pleuropneumoniae serovars: a 39‐kDa outer membrane protein and a recombinant ApxIVA‐N terminus protein. Results Sampling of 1 and 5 to 6‐month‐old pigs provided the most useful information on herd status. The 39‐kDa ELISA was sensitive in detecting infected herds, but had evidence of cross‐reactivity with high seroreactivity rates in older pigs in some low‐risk herds. The ApxIVA‐N ELISA was less seroreactive in high‐risk herds and had higher specificity in low‐risk herds. Conclusion ELISA based on the 39‐kDa subunit are of limited use, because of possible cross‐reactivity, but a high negative predictive value may be useful for risk assessment in suspect herds. Maternal antibody to ApxIVA‐N may be of value in detecting high‐risk herds, but 5% of 4‐week‐old pigs in low‐risk herds were also seropositive in this assay.  相似文献   

Positioning Nigeria’s manufacturing and agricultural sectors for global competitiveness     

Godwin Uddin  Kingsley Oserei 《Growth and change》2019,50(3):1218-1237

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Recent advances in allelopathy for weed control: from knowledge to applications     

Francisco A Macías  Francisco JR Mejías  Jos MG Molinillo 《Pest management science》2019,75(9):2413-2436

Allelopathy is the biological phenomenon of chemical interactions between living organisms in the ecosystem, and must be taken into account in addressing pest and weed problems in future sustainable agriculture. Allelopathy is a multidisciplinary science, but in some cases, aspects of its chemistry are overlooked, despite the need for a deep knowledge of the chemical structural characteristics of allelochemicals to facilitate the design of new herbicides. This review is focused on the most important advances in allelopathy, paying particular attention to the design and development of phenolic compounds, terpenoids and alkaloids as herbicides. The isolation of allelochemicals is mainly addressed, but other aspects such as the analysis and activities of derivatives or analogs are also covered. Furthermore, the use of allelopathy in the fight against parasitic plants is included. The past 12 years have been a prolific period for publications on allelopathy. This critical review discusses future research areas in this field and the state of the art is analyzed from the chemist's perspective. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献