Genetic tracking of the brown bear in northern Pakistan and implications for conservation     

Eva Bellemain  Muhammad Ali Nawaz  Alice Valentini  Jon E. Swenson  Pierre Taberlet 《Biological conservation》2007,134(4):537-547

Asian bears face major threats due to the impact of human activities as well as a critical lack of knowledge about their status, distribution and needs for survival. Once abundant in northern Pakistan, the Himalayan brown bear (Ursus arctos isabellinus) has been exterminated in most of its former distribution range. It presently occurs sparsely, in small populations, the Deosai National Park supporting the largest isolate. This decline might imply a reduction in genetic diversity, compromising the survival of the population. Using a combination of fecal DNA analysis and field data, our study aimed at assessing the size and genetic status of the Deosai population and give guidelines for its conservation and management. Using fecal genetic analysis, we estimated the population to be 40-50 bears, which compares well with the field census of 38 bears. The northern Pakistani brown bear population may have undergone an approximate 200-300-fold decrease during the last thousand years, probably due to glaciations and the influence of growing human population. However, in spite of the presence of a bottleneck genetic signature, the Deosai population has a moderate level of genetic diversity and is not at immediate risk of inbreeding depression. Gene flow might exist with adjacent populations. We recommend careful monitoring of this population in the future both with field observations and genetic analyses, including sampling of adjacent populations to assess incoming gene flow. The connectivity with adjacent populations in Pakistan and India will be of prime importance for the long-term survival of Deosai bears.  相似文献   

基于遥感的疏勒县植被覆盖时空变化研究     

麦麦提吐逊·麦麦提  马合木江·艾合买提  陶洪飞  李巧 《灌溉排水学报》2021,(4):121-129

【目的】评价疏勒县生态环境质量及生态环境演变过程。【方法】基于Landsat遥感影像数据,利用归一化植被指数NDVI、像元二分模型、中心迁移模型等方法分析了1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖时空演化。【结果】①疏勒县植被覆盖分布总体以高植被覆盖为主成大面积片状分布,中、低植被覆盖主要以盖孜河和克孜河为轴线,相对围绕高植被覆盖分散分布;②1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖面积和覆盖度均呈增加趋势。2017年的植被覆盖面积比1996年增加了456.4 km²,增加率为38.3%;③疏勒县植被覆盖空间变化上存在一定的区域性和时段性差异。区域上,南部乡镇覆盖度明显增加;时段上,2009-2013年植被覆盖面积增加最明显;④1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖中心整体往东南迁移;⑤气候变暖对疏勒县植被覆盖度变化有一定的影响,但短期内人类活动影响更大。灌区改造高效节水、耕地开垦、农作物的种植及林带面积的增加是植被覆盖面积增加的主要因素。【结论】综上可知,气候变暖和生态治理工程等人类活动因素可能是疏勒县植被覆盖面积与覆盖度呈增加的主要原因,这表明疏勒县生态环境保护与治理是科学合理的。  相似文献   

沙枣树胶对红葡萄树提取液抗氧活性保护作用的研究     

伊力哈木·托合迪  买吐孙·买吐肉孜  买买提艾则孜  买买提依明 《中国农学通报》2008,24(6):74-77

该文就沙枣树胶对红葡萄树提取液抗氧性的保护作用及其变化进行了初步研究,结果表明红葡萄树提取液具有极强的抗羟自由基(H0·)能力,而抗超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)的能力较弱,即在空气中易氧化、抗氧活性迅速降低、消失;当加入沙枣树胶初期,其抗氧性能迅速降低,3d后开始上升,15d后其对超氧阴离子自由基清除率达到30%,60d后对羟自由基清除率达到68%,其后,一直保持稳定.在沙枣树胶的多糖活性成分的作用下,红葡萄树胶的抗氧活性显著增强,稳定性提高.研究结果初步表明,沙枣树胶对红葡萄树提取液的抗氧活性具有显著的保护作用.  相似文献   

新疆小白杏的太阳能干燥试验研究     

肉孜·阿木提  李峰  高泽斌 《农机化研究》2011,33(7)

作为取之不尽且对环境无污染的能源,太阳能在农业干燥方面有着广泛的用途。为此,利用自主研制的整体式太阳能果蔬干燥装置,进行了太阳能干燥试验,研究了在不同处理方式、温度和风速条件下小白杏的干燥特性,得出不同条件下的干燥特性曲线。水洗处理可提高卫生指标,切分处理可提高干燥速度,提高干燥箱内热空气温度,可显著提高干燥速率,但温度不宜超过85℃;风速为5.5m/s时对干燥速率的影响不显著。最优条件:温度65℃、风速为11.5m/s下,用32h可将小白杏的含水率从79%降低至18%。该项先进的设备和技术还可用于其他果蔬干燥。  相似文献   

基于高光谱图像技术预测苹果大小   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

程国首  郭俊先  肉孜·阿木提  饶秀勤  亢银霞  石砦 《农机化研究》2012,34(6):108-112

以新疆红富士苹果为研究对象,探讨应用高光谱图像技术和最小外接矩形法预测其大小的研究方法。提取苹果高光谱图像中可见红色区域受色度影响较小的713nm以及近红外区域793和852nm的3个波长图像,做双波段比运算处理。比较所得双波段比图像可知,852/713双波段比图像中背景和前景灰度对比度最大。对该图像做阈值分割以及形态闭运算去除果梗区域,使用8邻接边界跟踪法得到二值图像的轮廓坐标序列,采用最小外接矩形法求苹果的大小,与实测值建立回归方程。结果表明,基于高光谱图像技术采用波段比算法,结合最小外接矩形法,能够有效地检测苹果大小,预测值与实际值最大绝对误差为3.06mm,均方根误差为1.21mm。  相似文献   

Fruit antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, total phenol, quercetin, and carotene of Irwin mango fruits stored at low temperature after high electric field pretreatment     

Shivashankara KS  Isobe S  Al-Haq MI  Takenaka M  Shiina T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(5):1281-1286

Greenhouse-grown tree ripe (TR) and mature green (MG) mangoes (cv. Irwin) were exposed to high electric field treatment before 20 and 30 days of storage at 5 degrees C. MG fruits were allowed to ripen at room temperature after low-temperature storage. Fruit physical quality attributes, ascorbic acid, carotene, quercetin, total phenols, and antioxidant capacity were estimated before and after the storage period. Antioxidant capacity of fruit juice was estimated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Fruit firmness decreased significantly during storage. Titratable acidity decreased 20 days after storage. Total soluble solids did not change during storage. Antioxidant capacity of fruits remained unchanged up to 20 days of storage period and decreased thereafter. Total phenol and carotenes increased during storage. Antioxidant capacity of fruits was significantly correlated only to ascorbic acids. Peel color and carotenes were higher in TR fruits, whereas titratable acidity and firmness were higher in MG fruits. There was no significant difference in other parameters between the stages of picking. Electric field pretreatment affected the respiration and antioxidant capacity of TR fruits and did not have any significant affect on other parameters. TR mangoes of cv. Irwin are more suitable for low-temperature storage and can be successfully stored for up to 20 days at 5 degrees C without any significant losses in functional properties and quality attributes.  相似文献   

不同盐度、碱度、pH值对瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的影响     

李乾  梁利群  艾克达·热合曼  孙博  张立民  董志国  常玉梅 《华北农学报》2021,36(z1):381-389

为了掌握瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的最适盐度、碱度和pH的范围,通过设置不同NaCl盐度(1‰,2‰,3‰,4‰,5‰,6‰,7‰,8‰)、NaHCO3碱度(10,20,30,40,50,60,70 mmol/L)、pH值(5.0,5.5,6.0,6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0)梯度范围的溶液及淡水对照组(盐度0、碱度0、pH值6.67)激发达里诺尔湖瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力,观察了不同处理组精子状态,并对其激烈运动时间、快速运动时间及寿命进行了测定,同时测定了受精卵在不同盐度、碱度和pH溶液中的受精率.结果表明:盐度在0～4‰,瓦氏雅罗鱼精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命呈逐渐上升趋势,4‰达到最长;碱度在0～50 mmol/L,精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命随碱度增加而延长,50 mmol/L达到最大;pH值5.0～7.0,精子激烈运动、快速运动时间及寿命随pH值的升高而延长,pH值7.0达到最大;受精率分别在盐度4‰、碱度30 mmol/L、pH值6.5达到最高,不同盐度和碱度组的受精率显著低于淡水对照组.综上,基于对不同盐度、碱度和pH值对瓦氏雅罗鱼精子活力及其受精率的分析结果,建议在开展瓦氏雅罗鱼全人工繁殖及杂交育种过程中,尽量选择盐度在0～4‰,碱度为0～30 mmol/L,pH值6.0～7.0的盐碱水体或淡水中进行,可以获得较高的受精率及苗种成活率.  相似文献   

电渗析技术在大豆低聚糖溶液脱盐上的应用   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

王秋霜  应铁进  赵超艺  陈栋  卓敏  孙世利  晏嫦妤  凌彩金  潘顺顺  唐劲池  唐颢  黄国滋  Muhammad Muzammil Jahangir 《农业工程学报》2008,24(10):243-247

从甜浆中提取的大豆低聚糖粗提液中含有很多的盐类,影响糖液的纯度。该试验通过离子交换膜辅助的电渗析法对大豆低聚糖模拟溶液进行脱盐处理,确定了较好的试验操作参数。试验结果表明:电渗析法对大豆低聚糖模拟液进行脱盐是可行的,且脱盐效果较好,脱盐率达到96.07%;该试验条件下较佳的工作电压为20 V,流量为60 L/h,样品稀释倍数为15倍。通过以上条件处理后,大豆低聚糖的保留率达到83.82%。  相似文献   

Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh     

Mohammad I. Khalil  Muhammad S. Rahman  Urs Schmidhalter  Hans‐Werner Olfs 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(2):210-218

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.  相似文献   

基于TM遥感影像的森林类型分类方法比较     

张淑芬  邢艳秋  艾合买提江·阿不都艾尼  孙小添 《森林工程》2014,(1):18-21

以吉林省汪清林业局为例,基于Landsat5-TM影像,充分利用遥感影像光谱信息,分别采用动态聚类法和组合监督分类法对该林区的森林类型进行分类,并对分类结果的精度进行比较分析.研究结果表明,利用组合监督分类的精度比动态聚类法分类的精度要高,总体分类精度高11％,其中针叶林、阔叶林、混交林和其他用地的分类精度分别高8％、11％、17％和10％.  相似文献