Impact of push–pull cropping system on pest management and occurrence of ear rots and mycotoxin contamination of maize in western Kenya     

Nancy K. Njeru  Charles A. O. Midega  James W. Muthomi  John M. Wagacha  Zeyaur R. Khan 《Plant pathology》2020,69(9):1644-1654

Push–pull involves intercropping of cereals with Desmodium as a “push” crop and planting Napier grass/Brachiaria as the “pull” crop at the border. The technology has been reported to effectively control stemborers, striga weed, and fall armyworm (FAW), and to improve soil nutrition, resulting in increased grain yield. This study evaluated the impact of stemborer and FAW management using this technology on incidence of maize ear rots and preharvest contamination of grains with aflatoxin and fumonisin in western Kenya. The study was conducted during three cropping seasons on maize grown under the push–pull system and as a monocrop. Incidence of stemborer and FAW damage was determined as percentage of damaged plants, while incidence of ear rots was determined as percentage of ears with symptoms. At harvest, fungi were isolated from kernels and aflatoxin and fumonisin were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Stemborer and FAW damage was significantly (p = .001) reduced by over 50% under the push–pull system. There was also a significant (p < .001) reduction in the incidence of Fusarium verticillioides (60%) and Aspergillus flavus (86%), which was reflected in a reduced incidence of ear rots (50%) with the push–pull system (p = .001). Fumonisin in maize from push-pull farms was significantly (p = .048) reduced (39%) but the technology had no significant (p > .05) effect on aflatoxin. The study showed that push–pull is an effective strategy for managing maize ear rots and fumonisins, and therefore could play a role in improving food safety among smallholder maize farmers in the region.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the Nonin 8600V Veterinary Pulse Oximeter in Anesthetized Horses     

Elizaebeth A. Martinez DVM  DACVA    Gwendolyn L. Carroll DVM  MS  DACVA  Sandee M. Hartsfield DVM  MS  DACVA 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》1999,9(1):13-17

S_pO₂ values from the Nonin 8600V veterinary pulse oximeter, using a lingual clip-type, transmittance sensor applied to the tongue, were compared to directly-measured S_aO₂ values from a co-oximeter, calibrated for equine blood, in 5 halothane-anesthetized horse. Normocapnia was maintained with controlled ventilartion. The inspired oxygen concentration was varied by mixing nitrogen in oxygen to obtain S_pO₂ readings of approximately 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, and 100%. At the time of each S_pO₂ recording, an arterial blood sample was collected for immediate analysis of S_aO₂. A total of sixty paired measurements were made. The results showed excellent data correlation with a bias (precision) of 0.55 (2.57) and an R-value of 0.98 over the entire S_aO₂ range tested. Based on these findings, the Nonin 8600V veterinary pulse oximeter, with the lingual sensor, performed accurately and reliably, and appears to be suitable for clinical use in anesthetized horses. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1999: 13–18)  相似文献   

A Rertrospective Analysis of Pulmonary Contusion Secondary to Motor Vehicular Accidents in 143 Dogs: 1994 - 1997     

Lisa L. Powell DVM    Elizarbeth A. Rozanski DVM    Amy S. Tidwell DVM  John E. Rush DVM  MS 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》1999,9(3):127-136

Medical records of 143 dogs with pulmonary contusion secondary to motor vehicular trauma were evaluated retrospectively to determine length of hospitalization, oxygen supplementation, and associated injuries. Therapeutic interventions, including the dose of intravenous fluid administration, the use of antibiotics, and the use of glucocorticoids were recorded. Initial thoracicradiographs were reviewed, and pulmonary contusion was graded as mild, moderate or severe. Pulmonary contusion severity was compared to use of supplemental oxygen, oxygen administration time, hospitalization time, and the presence or absence of fractures. The length of hospital stay and the survival rate was calculated.
The mean respiratory rate at admission was 55 ± 22 breaths per minute. Concurrent thoracicinjuries were common, and included pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Fifty-two percent ofdogs received oxygen supplementation for a median of 35 hours. The median hospitalization time was 48 hours. Forty (28%) dogs were treated with antibiotics for a minimum of 5 days, and forty- five (31%) were administered glucocorticoids. Two (1%) dogs developed pulmonary infection. Dogs with more severe thoracic radiographic changes on presentation were more likely to receiveoxygen, received oxygen for longer periods of time, and had a longer hospitalization time. Eighty-two percent of dogs survived to hospital discharge.  相似文献   

Nitric Oxide Response in Critically III Dogs     

Jana L. Jones DVM  D.J. Krahwinkel Jr. DVM  MS  B.W. Rorhbach VMD  MPH 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》1999,9(4):195-202

Alterations in nitric oxide (NO)production may play a role in critical illness. Total serum nitrate/nitrite concentrations [SNN (uM/L)], the stable metabolites of NO, have been used as an indirect measure of NO in people, with increased concentrations reported in cases of critical illness. The relationship of nitric oxide (NO) to criticalillness in dgos is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) canine illness in dogs is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that critically ill intesive care unit (ICU) canine patients would have increased SNN as compared to healthy dogs and non-critically ill dogs. An organ failure index score (OFI) was assigned to dogs admitted to the ICU to evaluate trends between disease severtiy and SNN. Critically ill dogs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher SNN (median 10.53) as compared to non-critically ill dogs (median 2.3) and healthy dogs (median 1.92). Critically ill dogs with the most severe disease (as based on OFI) had higher SNN concentrations. Survival of critically ill dogs with SNN of > 15 upon ICU admission (12% survival) was significantly less than survival of critically ill dogs with SNN ≤ 15 (91%) survival).l (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9: 195–202, 1999)  相似文献   

UROCYSTOLITH DETECTION: COMPARISON OF SURVEY, CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN AN IN VITRO BLADDER PHANTOM     

Ralph C.  Weichselbaum  DVM  Daniel A.  Feeney  DVM  MS  Carl R.  Jessen  DVM  PhD  Carl A.  Osborne  DVM  PhD  V. Dreytser  MS  J. Holte  PhD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(4):386-400

Urocystoliths of 9 mineral types from 437 canine patients submitted to the University of Minnesota Urolith Bank were imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography, pneumocystography, double contrast cystography (two iodine concentrations) and real-time ultrasonography (3.5 MHz, 5.0 MHz, 7.5 MHz). Imaging techniques were compared for accuracy of urocystolith detection, accuracy of urocystolith enumeration, and tendencies for over or undercounting. Across urocystolith mineral types, the false negative rates (no urocystoliths detected in a given case) for survey radiographs range from 2 to 27%. Pneumocystographic techniques are one-half as likely to yield false negative results as are survey radiographic techniques. Underestimates of urocystolith numbers and false negatives are likely using 80 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystography because calcium-based urocystoliths are isopaque in this contrast medium dilution. The 200 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystographic techniques are unlikely to yield false negative diagnoses even for very small (< or = 1.0 mm) urocystoliths and is comparable to pneumocystography for detection and slightly better for enumeration. The likelihood of an ultrasonographic false negative for urocystoliths decreases with increasing MHz. Under optimal conditions using a 7.5 MHz mechanical sector transducer, the false negative rates were comparable to double contrast cystography, but rates increased notably with lower MHz transducers.  相似文献   

USE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN DOGS     

Bernard  Seguin  DVM  MS  Karen M.  Tobias  DVM  MS  Patrick R.  Gavin  DVM  PhD  Russell L.  Tucker  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(3):251-258

A prospective study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of portosystemic shunts (PSS) and the accuracy of anatomically locating single congenital PSS in dogs using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MRA was performed on 10 normal dogs and 23 dogs with PSS. Sensitivity and specificity of MRA to diagnose any shunt among all dogs were 80% and 100%, respectively. Among dogs identified with PSS, sensitivity and specificity of MRA for diagnosis of multiple extrahepatic shunts were 63% and 97%, respectively, and for diagnosis of single congenital shunts were 79% and 100%, respectively. Using MRA, radiologists correctly identified shunts as extrahepatic or intrahepatic in 83% of patients and correctly identified the origin and insertion of the shunts in 57% and 97% of patients, respectively. Use of MRA is specific for diagnosis of PSS and is a sensitive indicator of anatomic location of single congenital portosystemic shunts.  相似文献   

ULTRASOUND-GUIDED FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY OF BONE LESIONS: A PRELIMINARY REPORT     

Valerie F.  Samii  DVM  Thomas G.  Nyland  DMV  MS  Linda L.  Werner  DVM  PhD  Thomas W.  Baker  MS 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(1):82-86

The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine the feasibility of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of suspected neoplastic lesions of bone. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples were obtained in 23 patients (22 dogs and one cat) with radiographic evidence of a destructive or destructive/productive bone lesion. The lesions were located in the appendicular skeleton in 20 patients and in the axial skeleton in three. Histopathology from tissue core biopsies and/or necropsy was not deemed necessary in 11 patients where ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy results were conclusive for neoplasia. A cytologic diagnosis from ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy was confirmed by histologic samples obtained at surgery or necropsy in five patients. In one of these five, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples were diagnostic for sarcoma when tissue-core biopsy was inconclusive. Both ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and tissue core biopsy techniques were inconclusive in one patient. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples were nondiagnostic in five patients where a follow-up histopathologic diagnosis of neoplasia was made. It was concluded that ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of bone, if diagnostic, may help avoid the need for a tissue-core biopsy in some instances. However, a negative ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy sample does not rule out neoplasia. A negative ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy should be followed by a tissue-core biopsy and histologic analysis in all patients. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy seems to be a promising technique for the diagnosis of bone lesions.  相似文献   

EVALUATION OF CANINE LUMBOSACRAL STENOSIS USING INTRAVENOUS CONTRAST-ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY     

Jeryl C.  Jones  DVM  PhD  Peter K.  Shires  BVSc  MS  Karen D.  Inzana  DVM  PhD  D. Phillip  Sponenberg  DVM  PhD  Christiane  Massicotte  DVM  MS  Walter  Renberg  DVM  MS  Alain  Giroux  DVM 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(2):108-114

The objective of this study was to evaluate intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography as a technique for predicting the within-level location(s) of compressive soft tissues in the canine lumbosacral spine. Pre-operative intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the L5-S3 vertebral levels was performed in 12 consecutive large breed dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. The images were evaluated for enhancement of soft tissues by two radiologists who were unaware of the surgical findings. For each within-level location (dorsal canal, ventral canal, right lateral recess, left lateral recess) enhancement was classified as present, absent or equivocal. The results were compared with the results of surgical exploration and histopathology of excised tissues. The positive predictive values of intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography for compressive soft tissues involving the dorsal canal, ventral canal and lateral recesses were 83%, 100%, and 81% respectively. Negative predictive values for compressive soft tissues involving these locations were 29%, 50%, and 40% respectively.  相似文献   

A TECHNIQUE FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF EQUINE CADAVER SPECIMENS     

William R.  Widmer  DVM  MS  Kenneth A.  Buckwalter  MD MS  Michael A.  Hill  B. Vet.Med.  PhD  MRCVS  John F.  Fessler  DVM MS  Susan  Ivancevich  MD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(1):10-14

We tested an adaptation of a technique for performing magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of human cadaver limbs in the horse. The forelimbs from a normal horse were collected, frozen, and sealed with a paraffin-polymer combination prior to imaging with either a high- or midfield magnetic resonance scanner. Each forelimb was defrosted, scanned, and refrozen on two separate occasions. A five-point scale was used to evaluate the quality of each set of sagittal and transverse, T1-weighted images of each digit. There was no difference in image quality between first and second scans of either specimen (p > 0.05). We conclude that this technique allows investigators to bank tissue specimens for future magnetic resonance imaging without significant loss of image quality.  相似文献   

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE SHOULDER: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL APPEARANCE     

Mohamed A.  Tnibar  DMV PhD  Joerg A.  Auer  Dr.Med.Vet.  MS  Saoussane  Bakkali  DMV 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1999,40(1):44-57

This study was intended to document normal ultrasonographic appearance of the equine shoulder and anatomic landmarks useful in clinical imaging. Both forelimbs of five equine cadavers and both forelimbs of six live adult horses were used. To facilitate understanding of the images, a zoning system assigned to the biceps brachii and to the infraspinatus tendon was developed. Ultrasonography was performed with a real-time B-mode semiportable sector scanner using 7.5- and 5-MHz transducers. On one cadaver limb, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using a system at 1.5 Tesla, T1-weighted spin-echo sequence. Ultrasonography images were compared to frozen specimens and MRI images to correlate the ultrasonographic findings to the gross anatomy of the shoulder. Ultrasonography allowed easy evaluation of the biceps brachii and the infraspinatus tendon and their bursae, the supraspinatus muscle and tendons, the superficial muscles of the shoulder, and the underlying humerus and scapula. Only the lateral and, partially, the caudal aspects of the humeral head could be visualized with ultrasound. Ultrasonographic appearance, orientation, and anatomic relationships of these structures are described. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with MRI images and with gross anatomy in the cadavers' limbs.  相似文献