Experimental beam-trawling in Lanice conchilega reefs: Impact on the associated fauna     

Marijn Rabaut  Ulrike Braeckman  Frederik Hendrickx  Magda Vincx  Steven Degraer 《Fisheries Research》2008,90(1-3):209-216

To study fisheries impact at the species level in temperate sandy bottom areas, a controlled field manipulation experiment was designed focusing on areas with high densities of the habitat-structuring, tube-dwelling polychaete Lanice conchilega (i.e. L. conchilega reefs). The hypothesis was that the impact on L. conchilega would be minimal, but that the fauna benefiting from the biogenically structured habitat would be impacted by beam-trawling. In this study, the impact of beam-trawl passage on intertidal L. conchilega reefs and its associated fauna was quantified. A treatment zone was exposed to a one-off experimental trawling. Subsequently, the impact on and recovery of the associated fauna was investigated for a period of 9 days post-impact. Community analysis showed a clear impact followed by a relatively quick recovery as apparent through MDS analysis (stress 0.06), a significant (p < 0.001) IMS of 0.61, through ANOSIM analysis: significant (p = 0.001) dissimilarities between treatment and control and through SIMPER analysis (decreasing dissimilarities over time). This impact and subsequent recovery was largely explained by two species: Eumida sanguinea and Urothoe poseidonis. Species analysis confirmed the beam-trawl passage significantly (p = 0.001) impacted E. sanguinea for the whole period of the experiment. The experiment confirmed that closely associated species of L. conchilega reefs are impacted by beam-trawl fisheries. This small-scale intertidal study provides some pointers which indicate that the tightly associated species will be impacted significantly when beam-trawling L. conchilega reefs in subtidal areas.  相似文献   

A diallel crossing approach aimed on selection for ripening time and yield in breeding of new strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars     

Markus Bestfleisch  Jens Möhring  Magda‐Viola Hanke  Andreas Peil  Henryk Flachowsky 《Plant Breeding》2014,133(1):115-120

The extension of the ripening season in open field production is of high economic interest for strawberry growers. Therefore, targeted breeding for extreme early or late ripening cultivars with high yield potential is of particular interest. Thirteen strawberry cultivars were crossed in a reciprocal way without selfing, and the 144 resulting F₁ populations were evaluated in a field trial over a period of two consecutive years. The data were analysed using a mixed‐model approach adapted for diallel crossing designs using SAS 9.3. The variability in the crossing approach is mainly based on the general combining ability (GCA) of the cultivars (additive effects). Specific and reciprocal combining abilities (non‐additive effects) appear less important. The highest GCAs for the trait Marketable Yield were found for the cultivars ‘Polka’ and ‘Yamaska’. The trait Earliness is bilateral with significantly low GCAs for early ripening in ‘Clery’ and ‘Daroyal’ and significantly high GCAs for late ripening in ‘Yamaska’ and ‘Florence’. Crosses with these cultivars are likely to deliver populations with both high yield and an extended ripening period.  相似文献   

The influence of bark beetles outbreak vs. salvage logging on ground layer vegetation in Central European mountain spruce forests     

Magda Jonášová  Karel Prach 《Biological conservation》2008,141(6):1525-1535

Changes in the herb and moss layers of mountain spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests after bark beetle (Ips typographus (L.)) outbreak were compared with and without forestry intervention. The study area is situated in the Šumava National Park (Czech Republic, Central Europe), where an extensive bark beetle outbreak occurred in the 1990s. Parts of forests were left without interventions, while salvage logging was applied in other areas. Altogether, 18 permanent research plots were established in: (1) climax stands with completely dead canopy, (2) climax stands where salvage logging was applied (clearcuts), and (3) waterlogged stands with only partly dead canopy. Vegetation composition of the ground layer and species numbers were evaluated in 1997 and 2002.The effect of salvage logging on vegetation was greater than that of the bark beetle outbreak itself. Forest herb species and partly also bryophytes survived relatively well under untouched dead canopy. The fewest changes occurred under the partly dead canopy in waterlogged forests. The herb layer expanded in clearcuts originated due to salvage logging, being dominated by grasses. Bryophytes were more susceptible to logging than herbs; their cover in clearcuts was markedly lower and composition changed towards pioneer species. The results show that a natural succession of mountain spruce forests after a bark beetle outbreak, if left without interventions, will probably avoid a pioneer stage and direct recovery of the forests will be possible. Salvage logging had negative effects on species composition of the spruce forests, delayed the forest recovery, and should not be permitted in the national park.  相似文献   

Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 3: Wildlife     

Raimon Guitart  Magda Sachana  Francesca Caloni  Siska Croubels  Virginie Vandenbroucke  Philippe Berny 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2010,183(3):260-265

This review article is the third in a series on animal poisoning in Europe and represents a collation of published and non-published wildlife poisoning data from Belgium, France, Greece, Italy and Spain over the last 10 years. Birds, particularly waterfowl and raptors, were more commonly reported as victims of poisoning than wild mammals. In addition to specific but important toxicological disasters, deliberate primary or secondary poisonings are of concern to all countries. Metals (particularly lead arising from sporting/hunting activities) and pesticides (mainly anticholinesterases and anticoagulants) are frequent causes of poisoning, and often have fatal consequences. A more unified and consistent approach throughout European countries to improve the reporting and the analytical confirmation of wildlife poisoning would help to reduce the number of cases of malicious or negligent animal poisoning.  相似文献   

Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 1: Farm livestock and poultry     

Raimon Guitart  Siska Croubels  Francesca Caloni  Magda Sachana  Franca Davanzo  Virginie Vandenbroucke  Philippe Berny 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2010,183(3):249-254

The lack of a reference Veterinary Poison Control Centre for the European Union (EU) means that clinicians find it difficult to obtain information on poisoning episodes. This three-part review collates published and unpublished data obtained from Belgium, France, Greece, Italy and Spain over the last decade in order to provide a broader toxicoepidemiological perspective. The first article critically evaluates the national situation in the five European countries and concludes that information for livestock and poultry is limited and fragmentary compared to other animal groups. The analysis has revealed that clinical cases of poisoning are only occasionally studied in depth and that cattle are the species most frequently reported. Several plants and mycotoxins, a few pesticides and metals, together with contaminants of industrial origin, such as dioxins, are responsible for most of the recorded cases.  相似文献   

The impact of staphylococcal mastitis on the level of milk IL-6, lysozyme and nitric oxide     

Osman KM  Hassan HM  Ibrahim IM  Mikhail MM 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2010,33(1):85-93

Mammary gland secretions derived from secretory cows infected with coagulase +ve Staphylococcus spp. was examined for the expression of IL-6, production of lysozyme and NO(x). The examined cows reflected 25 cases of subclinical mastitis and 15 cases of clinically mastitic animals. The IL-6 concentration in the subclinical animals was significantly higher (30.8 ng/ml) than the clinically manifested animals (18.0 ng/ml) and the normal cows (5.2n g/ml). On the other hand the level of lysozyme although significantly higher than the normal cows (6.9 microg/ml) yet its level in the subclinical animals (11.2 microg/ml) was lower than that estimated in the clinical animals (15.6 microg/ml). Similarly, the level of NO(x) in the normal animals was found to be 5.6 microM/ml to increase to 6.2 microM/ml in the subclinical mastitic animals and to significantly increase further to 11.5 microM/ml in the clinically affected cows. These results suggest the promising use of whey IL-6, lysozyme or/and NO concentration variabilities as prognostic parameters on the degree of the commencement of mastitis in cows.  相似文献   

Effectiveness and profitability of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mi</Emphasis>-resistant tomatoes to control root-knot nematodes     

Francisco?Javier?SorribasEmail author  César?Ornat  Soledad?Verdejo-Lucas  Magda?Galeano  Jordi?Valero 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2005,111(1):29-38

Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness and profitability of the Mi-resistance gene in tomato in suppressing populations of Meloidogyne javanica in a plastic-house with a natural infestation of the nematode. Experiments were also conducted to test for virulence and durability of the resistance. Monika (Mi-gene resistant) and Durinta (susceptible) tomato cultivars were cropped for three consecutive seasons in non-fumigated or in soil fumigated with methyl bromide at 75 g m^–2 and at a cost of 2.44 euros m^–2. Nematode densities were determined at the beginning and end of each crop. Yield was assessed in eight plants per plot weekly for 6 weeks. The P_f/P_i values were 0.28 and 21.6 after three crops of resistant or susceptible cultivars, respectively. Growth of resistant as opposed to susceptible tomato cultivars in non-fumigated soil increased profits by 30,000 euros ha^–1. The resistant Monika in non-fumigated soil yielded similarly (P > 0.05) to the susceptible Durinta in methyl bromide fumigated soil but the resistant tomato provided a benefit of 8800 euros ha^–1 over the susceptible one because of the cost of fumigation. Selection for virulence did not occur, although the nematode population subjected to the resistant cultivar for three consecutive seasons produced four times more eggs than the population on the susceptible one. Such a difference was also shown when the resistant cultivar was subjected to high continuous inoculum pressure for 14 weeks. The Mi-resistance gene can be an effective and economic alternative to methyl bromide in plastic-houses infested with root-knot nematodes, but should be used in an integrated management context to preserve its durability and prevent the selection of virulent populations due to variability in isolate reproduction and environmental conditions.  相似文献   

Pharmacopuncture Versus Acepromazine in Stress Responses of Horses During Road Transport     

Tatianne Leme Oliveira Santos Godoi  Julia Dias Villas-Boas  Norma Aparecida dos Santos Almeida  Pablo Ignacio Trigo  Fernando Queiroz de Almeida  Magda Alves de Medeiros 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2014

Acupuncture has been shown to have the beneficial effect of reducing stress responses in animals and humans. Pharmacopuncture is the injection of subclinical doses of drugs into acupoints to give therapeutic results without side effects. This study compared the effects of injecting the usual dose of acepromazine (ACP; 0.1 mg/kg, intramuscularly [I.M.]) with those of pharmacopuncture (1/10 ACP dose at the governing vessel 1 [GV 1] acupoint) on the stress responses of healthy horses undergoing road transport for 2.5 hours. Four different treatments were applied immediately before loading, with 8 animals/treatment: injection of saline or ACP (0.1 mg/kg, I.M.) at the base of the neck; and injection of saline or 1/10 ACP (0.01 mg/kg) at the GV 1 acupoint. The road transport increased heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, body temperature, and serum cortisol of the untreated horses (injected with saline at the base of the neck). Pharmacopuncture at GV 1 reduced the average HR and transport-induced increase in HR at unloading, without changing the other variables. On the other hand, ACP (0.1 mg/kg) produced significant sedation and reduced the transport-induced increase in respiratory rate but without preventing the stress-induced increase of cortisol. Other acupuncture points and drugs should be tested to verify the beneficial effect of this therapy to reduce stress in horses during road transport.  相似文献   

Small ruminant macrophage polarization may play a pivotal role on lentiviral infection     

Helena Crespo  Luigi Bertolotti  Magda Juganaru  Idoia Glaria  Damián de Andrés  Beatriz Amorena  Sergio Rosati  Ramsés Reina 《Veterinary research》2013,44(1):83

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect the monocyte/macrophage lineage inducing a long-lasting infection affecting body condition, production and welfare of sheep and goats all over the world. Macrophages play a pivotal role on the host’s innate and adaptative immune responses against parasites by becoming differentially activated. Macrophage heterogeneity can tentatively be classified into classically differentiated macrophages (M1) through stimulation with IFN-γ displaying an inflammatory profile, or can be alternatively differentiated by stimulation with IL-4/IL-13 into M2 macrophages with homeostatic functions. Since infection by SRLV can modulate macrophage functions we explored here whether ovine and caprine macrophages can be segregated into M1 and M2 populations and whether this differential polarization represents differential susceptibility to SRLV infection. We found that like in human and mouse systems, ovine and caprine macrophages can be differentiated with particular stimuli into M1/M2 subpopulations displaying specific markers. In addition, small ruminant macrophages are plastic since M1 differentiated macrophages can express M2 markers when the stimulus changes from IFN-γ to IL-4. SRLV replication was restricted in M1 macrophages and increased in M2 differentiated macrophages respectively according to viral production. Identification of the infection pathways in macrophage populations may provide new targets for eliciting appropriate immune responses against SRLV infection.  相似文献   

Structure of Rab GDP-dissociation inhibitor in complex with prenylated YPT1 GTPase     

Rak A  Pylypenko O  Durek T  Watzke A  Kushnir S  Brunsveld L  Waldmann H  Goody RS  Alexandrov K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5645):646-650

Rab/Ypt guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) represent a family of key membrane traffic regulators in eukaryotic cells whose function is governed by the guanosine diphosphate (GDP) dissociation inhibitor (RabGDI). Using a combination of chemical synthesis and protein engineering, we generated and crystallized the monoprenylated Ypt1:RabGDI complex. The structure of the complex was solved to 1.5 angstrom resolution and provides a structural basis for the ability of RabGDI to inhibit the release of nucleotide by Rab proteins. Isoprenoid binding requires a conformational change that opens a cavity in the hydrophobic core of its domain II. Analysis of the structure provides a molecular basis for understanding a RabGDI mutant that causes mental retardation in humans.  相似文献