Anthelmintic activity of Cocos nucifera L. against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes     

L.M.B. Oliveira  C.M.L. Bevilaqua  C.T.C. Costa  I.T.F. Macedo  R.S. Barros  A.C.M. Rodrigues  A.L.F. Camurça-Vasconcelos  S.M. Morais  Y.C. Lima  L.S. Vieira  A.M.C. Navarro 《Veterinary parasitology》2009

The development of anthelmintic resistance has made the search for alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants imperative. Among these alternatives are several medicinal plants traditionally used as anthelmintics. This work evaluated the efficacy of Cocos nucifera fruit on sheep gastrointestinal parasites. The ethyl acetate extract obtained from the liquid of green coconut husk fiber (LGCHF) was submitted to in vitro and in vivo tests. The in vitro assay was based on egg hatching (EHT) and larval development tests (LDT) with Haemonchus contortus. The concentrations tested in the EHT were 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg ml⁻¹, while in the LDT they were 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg ml⁻¹. The in vivo assay was a controlled test. In this experiment, 18 sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were divided into three groups (n = 6), with the following doses administered: G1—400 mg kg⁻¹ LGCHF ethyl acetate extract, G2—0.2 mg kg⁻¹ moxidectin (Cydectin^®) and G3—3% DMSO. The worm burden was analyzed. The results of the in vitro and in vivo tests were submitted to ANOVA and analyzed by the Tukey and Kruskal–Wallis tests, respectively. The extract efficacy in the EHT and LDT, at the highest concentrations tested, was 100% on egg hatching and 99.77% on larval development. The parameters evaluated in the controlled test were not statistically different, showing that despite the significant results of the in vitro tests, the LGCHF ethyl acetate extract showed no activity against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes.  相似文献   

Burning of Amazonian forest in Ariquemes, Rondônia, Brazil: biomass, charcoal formation and burning efficiency     

Paulo Maurício Lima de Alencastro Graa  Philip M. Fearnside  Carlos C. Cerri 《Forest Ecology and Management》1999,120(1-3):179-191

Biomass burning in tropical forests – the normal practice to prepare land for agriculture and ranching – has been a major source of CO₂ emitted to the atmosphere. Mass transformations by burning are still little studied in the tropics. The present study estimated parameters, such as the stock of carbon contained in the biomass, burning efficiency and the formation of charcoal and ashes in a tropical moist forest. Two sets of plots arranged in the form of ‘stars' (720 m² total) were installed in a 3.5 ha area of forest that had been felled for planting pasture at Fazenda Nova Vida, Ariquemes, Rondônia. Each ‘star' had six rays measuring 2 m × 30 m; alternating rays were designated for pre-burn and post-burn measurements. All above-ground biomass present in the plots was weighed directly before the burn in the pre-burn rays and after the burn in the post-burn rays. Pieces of wood with diameter ≥10 cm also had their biomasses estimated from volume estimates, using line-intersect sampling (LIS) in order to increase the area of sampling and to allow volume loss to be estimated as an increment based on individual pieces measured before, and after, the burn at the same point (as opposed to inferring change as a difference between independent estimates of stocks). The initial above-ground biomass (dry weight) before the burn was estimated at 306.5 ± 48.6 (mean ± SE) Mg ha⁻¹, with an additional 4.5 Mg ha⁻¹ for trees left standing. Carbon stock in the initial biomass (including trees left standing) was 141.3 (Mg C) ha⁻¹. After burning, carbon stock was reduced by 36.8% (burning efficiency). The stocks of charcoal and ash formed in the burn were, respectively, 6.4 ± 2.7 and 5.7 ± 1.0 Mg ha⁻¹. The destructive and nondestructive (LIS) methods did not differ significantly (t-test, p > 0.05) in estimating post-burn stocks of wood and charcoal. The results of this study contribute to improving the estimates of parameters needed for global carbon calculations and point to ways in which estimates of these parameters could be further improved.  相似文献   

Effect of environmental factors on the fatty acid profiles and physicochemical composition of oysters (Crassostrea gasar) in Amazon estuarine farming     

Osnan Lennon Lameira Silva  Antnia Rafaela Gonalves Macedo  Emília do Socorro Conceio de Lima Nunes  Keila Diniz Campos  Leiliane Cristina Cardoso Araújo  Xenna Tiburo  Anne Suellen Oliveira Pinto  Maria Regina Sarkis Peixoto Joele  Micheli da Silva Ferreira  Ana Carolina Ramos da Silva  Renata Santana Lorenzo Raices  Adriano Gomes da Cruz  Leandro Juen  Rossineide Martins da Rocha 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(6):2336-2348

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on the fatty acid profiles and physicochemical composition of Crassostrea gasar cultured in two locations with differences in salinity and precipitation gradients. The study period was divided into four seasonal divisions—the rainy–dry transition period, the dry season, dry–rainy transition and the rainy season. The salinity, pH and temperature were measured at each site during specimen collection. A total of 712 oyster samples were used for fatty acid profiling and physicochemical analysis. Salinity and precipitation were the environmental parameters that influenced the fatty acid profile and physicochemical characteristics of oysters. C. gasar exhibited excellent values of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA, EPA and eicosatrienoic), with a predominance of these acids during periods of higher precipitation. Variations in precipitation and salinity resulted in significant differences in oyster nutritional characteristics. Oysters grown in Amazonian estuaries can be considered nutritious throughout the year, with better conditions during the rainy season.  相似文献   

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Aloysia triphylla under seasonal influence and its anaesthetic activity in fish     

Thaylise Vey Parodi  Luciane Tourem Gressler  Lenise de Lima Silva  Alexssandro Geferson Becker  Denise Schmidt  Braulio Otomar Caron  Berta Maria Heinzmann  Bernardo Baldisserotto 《Aquaculture Research》2020,51(6):2515-2524

Plants are sources of secondary metabolites, and some are rich in essential oils (EOs), which possess a bioactive pharmacological importance as sedatives and anaesthetics that have been experimentally demonstrated in fish. In search of products with lower residual effects and optimization of the production based on the local flora, the properties of the EO of Aloysia triphylla (EOAT) have been investigated. The samples of two years were analysed for the percentage variability of the chemical composition and the totality of the major components according to the season. Limonene, citral isomers (α and β), caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol were the main constituents of the EOAT throughout these two years. In the second year, caryophyllene predominates over its oxide in all seasons; however, in the first year, it occurs only in autumn and winter. Seasonal pools of EOs were made for the biennium obtaining four samples, and silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) juveniles were subjected to a concentration range of 20–800 μl/L EOAT in order to assess induction and recovery times of anaesthesia. The relationships between percentages of individual components in EOAT and time to induce deep anaesthesia indicate that its activity may be attributed to the association of several of its components.  相似文献   

Feeding selectivity in early life stages of Rhamdia voulezi under experimental conditions          下载免费PDF全文

Ariane Furtado de Lima  Maristela Cavicchioli Makrakis  Fernanda Freitas Andrade  Elaine Antoniassi Luiz Kashiwaqui  Michele de Faveri Gimenes  Sergio Makrakis 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(4):1618-1628

The feeding selectivity of laboratory‐reared larvae of Rhamdia voulezi was assessed to investigate the preferred preys in early life stages. Three experiments were conducted at different larval development stages, starting soon after the absorption of the yolk sac (on fourth day after hatching – DAH), using zooplankton from fish ponds as food. Differences were detected in the patterns of prey selection among development stages. At first, the larvae prefer small preys, such as rotifers and cladocerans. Later, when they are more developed, they prefer to feed on large preys, such as copepods. On the fourth DAH, larvae in the pre‐flexion and initial flexion stage strongly selected rotifers and cladocerans (Diaphanosoma spinulosum, D. brevireme, Moina sp., M. micrura and M. minuta). At the other stages, cladocerans continued to be strongly selected. However, on the eighth DAH, larvae in flexion stage selected less strongly copepods Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi, Metacyclops mendocinus and Termocyclops decipiens. On the tenth DAH, larvae in postflexion stage selected more strongly copepods Argyrodiaptomus furcatus, Notodiaptomus cf. spinuliferus and M. mendocinus. As larvae grow, they tend to specialize in feeding of a particular prey. Prey selection of R. voulezi larvae was based both on species and zooplankton size. The size of the zooplankton ingested was related to the mouth gape size of larvae.  相似文献   

Use of shrimp protein hydrolysate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) feeds     

Albino Luciani Gonçalves Leal  Patrícia Fernandes de Castro  João Paulo Viana de Lima  Eudes de Souza Correia  Ranilson de Souza Bezerra 《Aquaculture International》2010,18(4):635-646

A 45-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the use of shrimp protein hydrolysate (SPH) in diets for Oreochromis niloticus, L. SPH was included in isonitrogenous diets replacing fish meal protein by 0, 5, 10, and 20% and offered to Nile tilapia juveniles (1.7 ± 0.4 g) stocked in 40-L glass aquaria. The inclusion of SPH produced no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in final weight, survival, weight gain, average daily gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, or apparent net protein utilization. The inclusion of SPH Nile tilapia diets significantly affected (P < 0.05) the final fish body composition. Protein and ash contents decreased and fat content increased slightly with the increase in SPH. This study has demonstrated that SPH is a promising protein feedstuff and could account for as much as 6% of Nile tilapia diets with no adverse effects on growth and nutrient utilization.  相似文献   

The bone degenerative processes in senile fishes from Holocene Brazilian shell mounds          下载免费PDF全文

O Aguilera  I Rocha  M S Lopes  I Lima  R T Lopes  A S Machado  R B Guimarães  M A C Crapez  M C Tenório  A Nepomuceno 《Journal of fish diseases》2017,40(12):1869-1881

Zooarchaeological collections from shell mounds in Rio de Janeiro (2,470–4,632 cal BP) contain a high prevalence of swollen fish bones belonging to the Atlantic spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber), crevalle jack (Caranx hippos) and fat snook (Centropomus parallelus). Given the lack of knowledge of the bone degenerative process in senile fishes, this study analysed hyperostotic bone in zooarchaeological and modern specimens to obtain high‐resolution morphology and microstructure reconstruction. We used microCT as well as X‐ray diffraction to characterize the crystallographic changes associated with fish senility. Our results showed that trabecular microstructures in hyperostotic bones were consistent with estimated values of the per cent bone volume‐to‐total volume ratio (BV/TV) and were greater than 60% in cortical bone. Hyperostotic bones indicated a high radiograph density, and X‐ray diffractograms showed a decrease in hydroxyapatite [Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂] and calcite (CaCO₃) neocrystallization. These crystalline and density changes revealed an advanced stage of fish senile and indicate the vulnerability of ageing fish populations.  相似文献   

Effect of No‐Tillage and Conventional Tillage Systems on the Chemical Composition of Soil Solid Phase and Soil Solution of Brazilian Savanna Oxisols     

Juliane Lilienfein  Wolfgang Wilcke  Lourival Vilela  Samuel do Carmo Lima  Richard Thomas  Wolfgang Zech 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2000,163(4):411-419

No‐tillage (NT) cropping systems are becoming increasingly important in the Brazilian savanna. To evaluate their sustainability we compared soil chemical properties in 1‐ to 3‐year‐old NT systems following 9 to 11 years of conventional tillage (CT) with systems where CT was continuously in place for 12 years. In the rainy season 1997/98, NT was cropped with soybean and CT with corn while in the rainy season 1998/99 both systems were cropped with soybean. Soil solid phase samples were taken from the 0—0.15, 0.15—0.3, 0.3—0.8, 0.8—1.2, and 1.2—2 m layers on three spatially separated plots under each of NT and CT. Soil solution samples were collected weekly at 0.15, 0.3, 0.8, 1.2, and 2 m soil depth during two rainy seasons (14 October to 28 April 1997/98 and 1998/99). We determined soil moisture contents, pH, the concentrations of exchangeable cations, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil solution, and the concentrations of Al, C, Ca, Cl^—, K, Mg, Mn, Na, NH₄⁺, NO₃^—, P, S, and Zn in solid soil and soil solution samples. Differences in soil solid phase properties and moisture content between NT and CT were small, few were significant. Under NT, the average solution pH was significantly lower (5.5), Al (26 μg l^—1), Mn (17 μg l^—1) and total organic C concentrations (TOC, 6.5 mg l^—1) were higher than under CT (pH: 6.0, Al: 14μg l ⁻¹, Mn: 14μg l ⁻¹, TOC: 5.5 mg l ⁻¹). Irrespective of the different crops in the first rainy season, under NT, the EC (205 μS cm^—1), Ca (17 mg l^—1), and Mg (2.9 mg l^—1) concentrations at 0—0.3 m depth were lower than under CT (EC: 224 μS cm^—1, Ca: 25 mg l^—1, Mg: 5.6 mg l^—1). At 1.2—2 m depth, the reverse order was observed (EC: 124 μS cm^—1 under NT and 84 μS cm^—1 under CT, Ca: 11 mg l^—1 under NT and 7.5 mg l^—1 under CT, Mg: 3.1 mg l^—1 under NT and 1.8 mg l^—1 under CT). Our results indicate that enhanced soil acidification because of higher rates of organic matter mineralization and a more pronounced nutrient leaching because of increased pore continuity may limit the sustainability of NT.  相似文献   

Oued Bouhlou: A new hope for the Moroccan pearl mussel          下载免费PDF全文

Ronaldo Sousa  Amílcar Teixeira  André Santos  Hassan Benaissa  Simone Varandas  Mohamed Ghamizi  Vincent Prié  Elsa Froufe  Manuel Lopes‐Lima 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2018,28(1):247-251

Characterization of Pterocarpus macrocarpus (pradoo wood) biochar and its effect on the retention properties of sandy soils in Northeast Thailand     

Siwaporn Siltecho  Nopmanee Suvannang  Juthamard Kaiphoem  Erika Medeiros  José Romualdo de Sousa Lima  Nattaporn Prakongkep  Robert Gilkes  Claude Hammecker 《Soil Use and Management》2022,38(2):1293-1306

Pradoo wood biochar has been tested in order to explore sustainable solutions to the development of agriculture on poor sandy soils in marginal areas in Northeast Thailand. Some basic physicochemical properties of biochar, for example pore size distribution, cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), and water and nutrient adsorption, were determined and compared to soil properties in order to determine appropriate biochar application to soil. Pradoo wood biochar showed important adsorption properties with high SSA, CEC and nutrient adsorption. The water retention properties were also improved on the dry end of the water retention curve. Phosphorous and ammonium adsorption–desorption isotherms were established and their respective affinity for the biochar surface was quantified, by the means of a retention index and thermodynamical parameters. We found that despite excellent retention properties, biochar needs to be added in large amounts (between 10 and 70 kg m⁻²) to soil to be able to modify noticeably the resulting soil properties.  相似文献