The use of transit timing to detect terrestrial-mass extrasolar planets     

Holman MJ  Murray NW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5713):1288-1291

Future surveys for transiting extrasolar planets are expected to detect hundreds of jovian-mass planets and tens of terrestrial-mass planets. For many of these newly discovered planets, the intervals between successive transits will be measured with an accuracy of 0.1 to 100 minutes. We show that these timing measurements will allow for the detection of additional planets in the system (not necessarily transiting) by their gravitational interaction with the transiting planet. The transit-time variations depend on the mass of the additional planet, and in some cases terrestrial-mass planets will produce a measurable effect. In systems where two planets are seen to transit, the density of both planets can be determined without radial-velocity observations.  相似文献   

Genome of the host-cell transforming parasite Theileria annulata compared with T. parva     

Pain A  Renauld H  Berriman M  Murphy L  Yeats CA  Weir W  Kerhornou A  Aslett M  Bishop R  Bouchier C  Cochet M  Coulson RM  Cronin A  de Villiers EP  Fraser A  Fosker N  Gardner M  Goble A  Griffiths-Jones S  Harris DE  Katzer F  Larke N  Lord A  Maser P  McKellar S  Mooney P  Morton F  Nene V  O'Neil S  Price C  Quail MA  Rabbinowitsch E  Rawlings ND  Rutter S  Saunders D  Seeger K  Shah T  Squares R  Squares S  Tivey A  Walker AR  Woodward J  Dobbelaere DA  Langsley G  Rajandream MA  McKeever D  Shiels B  Tait A  Barrell B  Hall N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5731):131-133

Theileria annulata and T. parva are closely related protozoan parasites that cause lymphoproliferative diseases of cattle. We sequenced the genome of T. annulata and compared it with that of T. parva to understand the mechanisms underlying transformation and tropism. Despite high conservation of gene sequences and synteny, the analysis reveals unequally expanded gene families and species-specific genes. We also identify divergent families of putative secreted polypeptides that may reduce immune recognition, candidate regulators of host-cell transformation, and a Theileria-specific protein domain [frequently associated in Theileria (FAINT)] present in a large number of secreted proteins.  相似文献   

Science and government. Science and the candidates     

Kirshenbaum SR  Mooney C  Otto SL  Chapman M  Dacey A  Holt R  Krauss L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5873):182

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Dietary change and evolution of horses in North America     

Mihlbachler MC  Rivals F  Solounias N  Semprebon GM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6021):1178-1181

The evolution of high-crowned molars among horses (Family Equidae) is thought to be an adaptation for abrasive diets associated with the spread of grasslands. The sharpness and relief of the worn cusp apices of teeth (mesowear) are a measure of dietary abrasion. We collected mesowear data for North American Equidae for the past 55.5 million years to test the association of molar height and dietary abrasion. Mesowear trends in horses are reflective of global cooling and associated vegetation changes. There is a strong correlation between mesowear and crown height in horses; however, most horse paleopopulations had highly variable amounts of dietary abrasion, suggesting that selective pressures for crown height may have been weak much of the time. However, instances of higher abrasion were observed in some paleopopulations, suggesting intervals of stronger selection for the evolution of dentitions, including the early Miocene shortly before the first appearance of Equinae, the horse subfamily in which high-crowned dentitions evolved.  相似文献   

Incidental capture and mortality of sea turtles in the industrial double‐rig‐bottom trawl fishery in south‐eastern Brazil     

Alicia Bertoloto Tagliolatto  Bruno Giffoni  Suzana Guimares  Matthew H. Godfrey  Cassiano Monteiro‐Neto 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2020,30(2):351-363

1. Incidental capture by fisheries is one of the principal threats to sea turtles. This study analysed spatial and temporal patterns of sea turtle bycatch, and estimated the direct initial mortality rate of these animals, in the industrial double‐rig‐bottom trawl fishery in south‐eastern Brazil. This is also the first attempt to relate bycatch/at‐sea mortality in bottom trawling to stranded turtles found along the adjacent coast.
2. The fishery was monitored from October 2015 to April 2018 through data collected voluntarily by the captains of eight industrial double‐rig trawlers. Two hundred and one sea turtles were captured during 9362 tows (43,657.52 trawling hours), resulting in a catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 0.0025 ± 0.0032 turtles h^?1 with a standard net of 30.5 m headrope, with no significant difference between the estimated CPUEs for licensed shrimp and demersal fish trawlers.
3. Caretta caretta (52.24%) and Lepidochelys olivacea (38.81%) were the most frequently captured species. According to Generalized Linear Models, C. caretta bycatch was significantly higher during winter, at lower latitudes (?24° to ?23°) and higher longitudes (?42° to ?40°), while the L. olivacea bycatch was significantly higher at higher latitudes (?23° to ?21°). The direct initial mortality rate of sea turtles in the shrimp trawlers was 7.65 ± 3.85%. However, none of the dead individuals subsequently released with plastic tags (n = 10) were found stranded on the coast. Mortality was not significantly related to the depth or duration of the trawling.
4. The results of this study suggest the need for improvements to the current management of the bottom trawl fishery in Brazil, moving from a species‐based to a spatial and seasonal‐based approach. There is also a need to develop turtle excluder devices adapted to local fishing conditions.

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Estimating acute human leptospirosis incidence in northern Tanzania using sentinel site and community behavioural surveillance     

Michael J. Maze  Katrina J. Sharples  Kathryn J. Allan  Holly M. Biggs  Shama Cash‐Goldwasser  Renee L. Galloway  William A. de Glanville  Jo E. B. Halliday  Rudovick R. Kazwala  Tito Kibona  Blandina T. Mmbaga  Venance P. Maro  Matthew P. Rubach  Sarah Cleaveland  John A. Crump 《Zoonoses and public health》2020,67(5):496-505

Many infectious diseases lack robust estimates of incidence from endemic areas, and extrapolating incidence when there are few locations with data remains a major challenge in burden of disease estimation. We sought to combine sentinel surveillance with community behavioural surveillance to estimate leptospirosis incidence. We administered a questionnaire gathering responses on established locally relevant leptospirosis risk factors and recent fever to livestock‐owning community members across six districts in northern Tanzania and applied a logistic regression model predicting leptospirosis risk on the basis of behavioural factors that had been previously developed among patients with fever in Moshi Municipal and Moshi Rural Districts. We aggregated probability of leptospirosis by district and estimated incidence in each district by standardizing probabilities to those previously estimated for Moshi Districts. We recruited 286 community participants: Hai District (n = 11), Longido District (59), Monduli District (56), Moshi Municipal District (103), Moshi Rural District (44) and Rombo District (13). The mean predicted probability of leptospirosis by district was Hai 0.029 (0.005, 0.095), Longido 0.071 (0.009, 0.235), Monduli 0.055 (0.009, 0.206), Moshi Rural 0.014 (0.002, 0.049), Moshi Municipal 0.015 (0.004, 0.048) and Rombo 0.031 (0.006, 0.121). We estimated the annual incidence (upper and lower bounds of estimate) per 100,000 people of human leptospirosis among livestock owners by district as Hai 35 (6, 114), Longido 85 (11, 282), Monduli 66 (11, 247), Moshi Rural 17 (2, 59), Moshi Municipal 18 (5, 58) and Rombo 47 (7, 145). Use of community behavioural surveillance may be a useful tool for extrapolating disease incidence beyond sentinel surveillance sites.  相似文献   

Hepatic CT attenuation differs in three species of freshwater turtles and hepatic Hounsfield units increase with folliculogenesis in wild Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii)     

Emily King  Eric T. Hostnik  Randall Junge  Michael J. Adkesson  Erin M. Newman  Matthew C. Allender 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2020,61(2):181-189

Freshwater turtle species are suffering from anthropocentric‐caused population declines, making preservation of professionally managed populations increasingly important. Turtles under professional care have an increased risk to develop hepatic lipidosis, potentially resulting in early death. Computed tomography can provide an antemortem screening for increased fatty liver composition. A goal of this prospective analytical cross‐sectional study was to assess the hepatic attenuation measured as Hounsfield units (HU) in a wild population of a freshwater turtle species, and then compare hepatic HU to freshwater turtles under professional care. Ninety‐five wild Blanding's turtles (BT; Emydoidea blandingii) as well as 10 Vietnamese Pond turtles (VPT; Mauremys annamensis) and six Northern Snake‐Necked turtles (NSNT; Chelodina oblonga) under professional care underwent CT with quantification of hepatic HU. Hepatic HU were correlated to serum chemistry findings and the presence of follicles was recorded in BT. The mean (±SD) hepatic attenuation for 95 wild BT was 97.5 HU ±9.6. There were significant differences in hepatic attenuation among VPT, NSNT, and BT, with median HU values (range) of 5.39 HU (–6.45 to 61.50), 71.74 HU (59.44‐94.49), and 95.43 HU (74.41‐124.56), respectively. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values had a weak negative correlation to HU with a coefficient of –0.85 (P < .001). The hepatic attenuation was significantly higher for individuals undergoing folliculogenesis (P = .007). The decreased HU values were significantly negatively correlated with AST values. Findings supported the use of CT as an aid for guiding future management practices in freshwater turtles.  相似文献   

Clinical and histopathological classification of feline intraocular lymphoma     

Ayla R. Musciano  Matthew R. Lanza  Richard R. Dubielzig  Leandro B. C. Teixeira  Amy C. Durham 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2020,23(1):77-89

This retrospective study aimed to describe and classify cats with intraocular lymphoma, determine the proportion of cases with presumed solitary ocular lymphoma (PSOL) compared with ocular manifestations of multicentric disease and assess the clinical outcomes of these patients. One hundred seventy‐two cases identified through biopsy submissions were reviewed histologically; 163 of these cases were subtyped according to the WHO classification system. Cases were categorized as having PSOL or ocular lymphoma with suspected systemic involvement (SSI) based on submission forms and follow‐up data. The majority of cases exhibited concurrent uveitis (75%) and secondary glaucoma (58%). Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma was the most common subtype (n = 86; 53%), followed by peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (n = 44; 27%). Other subtypes included anaplastic large T‐ (n = 8; 5%) and B‐cell (n = 4; 2.5%) lymphomas, and 15 cases (9%) were negative for all immunohistochemical markers. In sixty‐nine cases (40%), adequate clinical data and sufficient survival data were obtained to distinguish PSOL from SSI. PSOL comprised the majority of cases (64%), while 36% had SSI. When covarying for age at diagnosis, the median survival time was significantly higher (P = 0.003) for cases of PSOL (154 days) versus those with SSI (69 days); hazards ratio of 0.47 for PSOL (95% CI: 0.241‐0.937). The subtype of lymphoma did not affect survival time. Cats with PSOL represent a greater proportion of the disease population, and this subset of cats with intraocular lymphoma has a better clinical outcome.  相似文献   

Retrospective evaluation of the clinical course and outcome following grape or raisin ingestion in dogs (2005–2014): 139 cases     

Colin F. Reich  Mallory C. Salcedo  Amy M. Koenigshof  Molly M. Hopp  Julie M. Walker  Julie C. Schildt  Matthew W. Beal 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2020,30(1):60-65

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Successful management of Heinz body hemolytic anemia associated with leek (Allium ampeloprasum) ingestion in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)     

Stephanie Jayson  Nic Masters  Taina Strike  Matthew Rendle  Sophie Sparrow  Laureen M. Peters  Nicola Bates 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2020,30(1):86-91

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