Enteroendocrine profile of α-transducin immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)     

Rocco Latorre  Maurizio Mazzoni  Roberto De Giorgio  Claudia Vallorani  Alessio Bonaldo  Pier Paolo Gatta  Roberto Corinaldesi  Eugenio Ruggeri  Chiara Bernardini  Roberto Chiocchetti  Catia Sternini  Paolo Clavenzani 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2013,39(6):1555-1565

In vertebrates, chemosensitivity of nutrients occurs through the activation of taste receptors coupled with G-protein subunits, including α-transducin (G_αtran) and α-gustducin (G_αgust). This study was aimed at characterising the cells expressing G_αtran immunoreactivity throughout the mucosa of the sea bass gastrointestinal tract. G_αtran immunoreactive cells were mainly found in the stomach, and a lower number of immunopositive cells were detected in the intestine. Some G_αtran immunoreactive cells in the stomach contained G_αgust immunoreactivity. Gastric G_αtran immunoreactive cells co-expressed ghrelin, obestatin and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity. In contrast, G_αtran immunopositive cells did not contain somatostatin, gastrin/cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in any investigated segments of the sea bass gastrointestinal tract. Specificity of G_αtran and G_αgust antisera was determined by Western blot analysis, which identified two bands at the theoretical molecular weight of ~45 and ~40 kDa, respectively, in sea bass gut tissue as well as in positive tissue, and by immunoblocking with the respective peptide, which prevented immunostaining. The results of the present study provide a molecular and morphological basis for a role of taste-related molecules in chemosensing in the sea bass gastrointestinal tract.  相似文献   

Can herbicide safeners allow selective control of weedy rice infesting rice crops?          下载免费PDF全文

Roberto Busi  Nghia K Nguyen  Bhagirath S Chauhan  Francesco Vidotto  Maurizio Tabacchi  Stephen B Powles 《Pest management science》2017,73(1):71-77

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Response of common wheat varieties to organic and conventional production systems across Italian locations,and implications for selection     

Paolo Annicchiarico  Elena Chiapparino  Maurizio Perenzin 《Field Crops Research》2010

Specific breeding for organic systems may help reduce their yield gap relative to conventional systems by exploiting genotype × system (GS) interaction. Likewise, specific breeding for distinct subregions within a region could capitalize on genotype × location (GL) interaction. Grain yield and test weight of common wheat varieties were evaluated under organic and conventional systems in ten locations spanning from northern to southern Italy, with the objectives of: (i) comparing production systems; (ii) investigating the extent of GS and GL interactions and their relationship with genotypic and environmental characteristics; and (iii) preliminarily comparing, in terms of predicted selection gains, different strategies to cope with GS and GL effects. These effects were investigated in the 2-year Data set 1 including seven genotypes. GS effects were also assessed in the annual Data sets 2 and 3 including 13 and 11 genotypes, respectively. The yield reduction of organic systems relative to conventional ones averaged 28% in Data set 1, 29% in Data set 2 and 14% in Data set 3. Organic systems also tended to a modest test weight reduction. Genetic correlations between systems ranged from high to very high (0.88 ≤ r_g ≤ 0.98) for yield and test weight, owing to nil or limited GS interaction. Broad-sense heritability tended to be higher in conventional systems than organic ones for yield in two data sets (mainly due to lower experimental error) while being similar in the two systems in the other cases. Predicted selection gains suggested nil (yield) or very modest (test weight) advantage of direct selection in organic systems relative to indirect selection in conventional systems, when targeting organic systems. The scope for selection only in conventional systems was reinforced when comparing predicted gains for selection scenarios which target both systems in relation to their foreseeable marketing importance. GL effects for yield and test weight were significant and were modeled by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis. Site classification based on GL effects for yield revealed a larger subregion A including northern and central Italy and a smaller subregion B comprising southern Italy, accordingly with previous, independent studies. Yield selection only in subregion A (with indirect selection gain for subregion B) implied slightly higher predicted gain for A (+4%) and much lower gain for B (−24%) relative to independent, direct selection in each subregion. Selection for specific geoclimatic subregions may have greater importance than selection for specific production systems.  相似文献   

Pathogenicity determinants in smut fungi revealed by genome comparison     

Schirawski J  Mannhaupt G  Münch K  Brefort T  Schipper K  Doehlemann G  Di Stasio M  Rössel N  Mendoza-Mendoza A  Pester D  Müller O  Winterberg B  Meyer E  Ghareeb H  Wollenberg T  Münsterkötter M  Wong P  Walter M  Stukenbrock E  Güldener U  Kahmann R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6010):1546-1548

Biotrophic pathogens, such as the related maize pathogenic fungi Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium reilianum, establish an intimate relationship with their hosts by secreting protein effectors. Because secreted effectors interacting with plant proteins should rapidly evolve, we identified variable genomic regions by sequencing the genome of S. reilianum and comparing it with the U. maydis genome. We detected 43 regions of low sequence conservation in otherwise well-conserved syntenic genomes. These regions primarily encode secreted effectors and include previously identified virulence clusters. By deletion analysis in U. maydis, we demonstrate a role in virulence for four previously unknown diversity regions. This highlights the power of comparative genomics of closely related species for identification of virulence determinants.  相似文献   

UCE: A uracil excision (USER™)-based toolbox for transformation of cereals     

Kim H Hebelstrup  Michael W Christiansen  Massimiliano Carciofi  Birgitte Tauris  Henrik Brinch-Pedersen  Preben B Holm 《Plant methods》2010,6(1):15

Background  

Cloning of gene casettes and other DNA sequences into the conventional vectors for biolistic or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is hampered by a limited amount of unique restriction sites and by the difficulties often encountered when ligating small single strand DNA overhangs. These problems are obviated by "The Uracil Specific Excision Reagent (USER™)" technology (New England Biolabs) which thus offers a new and very time-efficient method for engineering of big and complex plasmids.  相似文献   

Allium vegetables intake and endometrial cancer risk     

Galeone C  Pelucchi C  Dal Maso L  Negri E  Montella M  Zucchetto A  Talamini R  La Vecchia C 《Public health nutrition》2009,12(9):1576-1579

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基于ERS-1/2和Envisat ASAR数据的大区域森林制图研究     

田昕  李增元  陈尔学  凌飞龙  Oliver Cartus 《北京林业大学学报》2013,35(1):7-16

分别利用1995—2000年的ERS-1/2串行数据和2005年的Envisat ASAR数据对我国东北林区进行森林制图研究。针对ERS-1/2数据相干模型,采用一种不依靠地面实况数据而是基于MODIS植被连续覆盖产品进行训练的方法,从而实现进行大区域森林蓄积量分级制图的目的。分级制图包括0～20、20～50、50～80和80 m3/hm2 4个蓄积量等级。基于Envisat ASAR数据,采用面向对象的分类方法,进行自动化森林和非森林分类处理。基于2005年Landsat TM-5分类结果的交叉验证表明:这2种传感器SAR数据均可用于大区域森林制图。2期森林制图结果为进一步的森林变化分析以及制图更新研究提供支持。   相似文献   

Oxygen Consumption and Development of Volatile Sulfur Compounds during Bottle Aging of Two Shiraz Wines. Influence of Pre- and Postbottling Controlled Oxygen Exposure     

M Ugliano  JB Dieval  TE Siebert  M Kwiatkowski  O Aagaard  S Vidal  EJ Waters 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(35):8561-8570

The evolution of different volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) during bottle maturation of two Shiraz wines submitted to controlled oxygen exposure prior to bottling (through micro-oxygenation, MOX) and postbottling (through the closure) was investigated. H(2)S, methyl mercaptan (MeSH), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) were found to increase during aging. Lower postbottling oxygen exposure, as obtained by different degrees of oxygen ingress through the closure, resulted in increased H(2)S and methyl mercaptan. In one wine MOX increased the concentration of H(2)S and methyl mercaptan during maturation. Dimethyl disulfide and DMS were not affected by any form of oxygen exposure. Overall, postbottling oxygen had a stronger influence than MOX on the evolution of VSCs. Data suggest that dimethyl disulfide was not a precursor to methyl mercaptan during bottle maturation. For the two wines studied, a consumption of oxygen of 5 mg/L over 12 months was the most effective oxygen exposure regimen to decrease accumulation of MeSH and H(2)S during bottle aging.  相似文献   

Central fatigue and nycthemeral change of serum tryptophan and serotonin in the athletic horse     

Piccione G  Assenza A  Fazio F  Percipalle M  Caola G 《Journal of circadian rhythms》2005,3(1):6

Background  

The serotonergic system is associated with numerous brain functions, including the resetting of the mammalian circadian clock. The synthesis and metabolism of 5-HT in the brain increases in response to exercise and is correlated with high levels of blood-borne tryptophan (TRP). The present investigation was aimed at testing the existence of a daily rhythm of TRP and 5-HT in the blood of athletic horses.  相似文献   

Mixtures of organic amendments and biochar promote beneficial soil microbiota and affect Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia minor disease suppression     

Giuliano Bonanomi  Maurizio Zotti  Mohamed Idbella  Gaspare Cesarano  Saud L. Al-Rowaily  Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad 《Plant pathology》2022,71(4):818-829

The use of soil fumigants and fungicides to control soilborne pathogens is reduced due to awareness of their negative drawbacks. Long-term application of such agrochemicals negatively affects soil microbiota and reduces natural soil suppressiveness. We investigated long-term impacts of biochar and not-pyrogenic organic amendment (OAs: manure, alfalfa straw and glucose), on disease suppression compared with conventional management in three pathosystems: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL)–lettuce, Rhizoctonia solani–tomato and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum–lettuce, by conditioning soil for 2 years. Soil analyses included pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio, N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺, cation exchange capacity, available phosphorus, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and total and active limestone. Soil microbiota was characterized by combining BIOLOG EcoPlates with next-generation sequencing of 16S and 18S rRNA genes. Soil amended with OAs generally suppressed disease by S. sclerotiorum and FOL compared to fumigants and synthetic fertilizers. However, the incidence of R. solani infection was lower in soil treated with synthetic fertilizers than soil amended with OAs. EC, pH, C:N, N-NO₃⁻, N-NH₄⁺, FDA and BIOLOG were significantly correlated with disease, depending on pathosystem. Bacterial richness and diversity, presence of some genera like Acidobacteria, Chloracidobacteria, Solibacteres, Anaerolineae, Nitrospira and Deltaproteobacteria were negatively related to disease incidence of FOL and S. sclerotiorum, whereas damping-off caused by R. solani was negatively affected by the presence of Flavobacterium and Chitinofagha. Therefore, we concluded that long-term application of OAs can effectively improve soil suppressiveness and reduce disease incidence against root pathogens, although the effects vary considerably depending upon pathosystem.  相似文献