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31.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the topical effect of various agents, currently used in the treatment of melting ulcers, on gelatinase activity present in the tear film of normal dogs. ANIMAL STUDIED: Eight normal adult beagles. PROCEDURES: Each animal received the following agents: cyclosporine A 1%, N-acetylcysteine 10%, ciprofloxacin 0.3%, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 1%, doxycycline 0.001%, polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (PSGAG) 5%, autoserum, and artificial tears during a 48-h period following a Latin square design. Tear samples were collected with micro-capillary pipettes following a corneal surface irrigation of each eye with sterile saline on four different occasions. Basal and total gelatinase activities were evaluated by optical density after processing in a commercial gelatinase activity assay. From the optical density ratio, a semi-quantitative measure of gelatinase activity was obtained. Basal and total activities were measured in all samples. RESULTS: The lowest total gelatinase activity, representing a percent decline in the enzyme activity although not significant, was observed 1 h after the last treatment in seven out of the eight ophthalmic agents; EDTA (68%), ciprofloxacin (76%), cyclosporine A (68%), doxycycline (47%), artificial tears (26%), PSGAG (25%), and N-acetylcysteine (20%). However, only the reduction observed with EDTA 6 h after the last treatment was significantly lower compared to the reduction observed with the artificial tears. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that only EDTA was able to significantly reduce the gelatinase activity in a persistent manner in the tear film of normal canine eyes. Further studies will be required to evaluate the effect of EDTA under ulcerative conditions and to more accurately ascertain the potential in vivo effect of the other agents. 相似文献
32.
Anttonen MJ Hoppula KI Nestby R Verheul MJ Karjalainen RO 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(7):2614-2620
The influence of agricultural practices (fertilization, mulch color, early forcing, and planting date), environment (light and growing area), cultivar, and fruit order on the selected phenolic content and antioxidant activity in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) fruits was studied. Three different levels of fertilization were given to plants in the fertilization experiment. The lowest fertilization level increased the contents of flavonols and ellagic acid from 19 to 57%. Between cultivars, up to 4-fold differences were found in the flavonol content, and it also varied according to growing environment. Planting date in glasshouse production was important for the phenolic content, and a statistically significant interaction was found between planting date and fruit order. Fruit order caused at highest 1.5-2.0-fold differences in the contents of phenolics. Interestingly, compared with other phenolics, anthocyanins were affected differently by many factors. Thus, the findings show that minor cultivation changes can increase the content of phenolics, especially in under-glass production where conditions can be easily manipulated. 相似文献
33.
The contents of chalconaringenin, chlorogenic acid, rutin, ascorbic acid, lycopene, and beta-carotene were analyzed during postharvest and vine ripening of cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) (cv. Jennita) produced in a greenhouse. A remarkable decrease in the content of chalconaringenin took place during postharvest ripening. The tomatoes were found to contain 15.26 mg 100 g(-1) fresh weight (FW) at harvest but held only 0.41 mg after 3 weeks at 20 degrees C in darkness. Chalconaringenin did not convert into naringenin. The content of chlorogenic acid fell from 0.51 to 0.06 mg 100 g(-1) FW at the same conditions. The content of rutin and that of total phenolics remained stable during postharvest ripening. The amounts of lycopene as well as beta-carotene and ascorbic acid increased during postharvest ripening. No significant change in the amount of methanol soluble antioxidants or total soluble solids was found during postharvest ripening of the tomato fruits. During vine ripening, the total amount of phenolics and that of soluble solids (% Brix) increased. The content of phenolics correlated well with the content of methanol soluble antioxidants (p < 0.001). The amount of ascorbic acid increased from 9.7 mg in green-yellow tomatoes to 17.1 mg 100 g(-1) FW in red tomatoes. The amount of chalconaringenin decreased to 8.16 mg 100 g(-1) FW, whereas no significant change was observed for chlorogenic acid or rutin. Possible causes for the decrease in chalconaringenin are discussed. 相似文献
34.
Apoptosis, programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Michèle C. Heath 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(2):117-124
Apoptosis is typically a morphologically identifiable form of programmed cell death in mammals that is regulated by genes with homologues in other animal Phyla. Although both plants and fungal plant pathogens exhibit forms of developmental programmed cell death, demonstrated morphological or genetic homologies with mammalian apoptosis are still generally lacking. Because of its ubiquity and the involvement of signal transduction pathways in its induction, a strong case is developing that the hypersensitive response is a specific form of plant programmed cell death evolved as a defense against microbial parasites. Data suggest that separate signalling pathways may lead to the cell death and the defense gene activation that characterize this response and that parasite-specific resistance genes represent only one of many types of genes involved in response regulation. However, despite some biochemical similarities between the hypersensitive response, forms of developmental programmed cell death in plants, and animal apoptosis, no unique and consistent markers for the hypersensitive response (or plant programmed cell death in general) have yet been found. Whether any of these forms of plant cell death should be called apoptosis depends on how the term is defined. Assuming the hypersensitive response is a form of programmed cell death and is the default state upon pathogen entry into a cell, it seems likely that intracellular biotrophic plant pathogens resemble some animal viruses in being able to suppress this response in susceptible hosts. 相似文献
35.
McClure SR White GW Sifferman RL Bernard W Doucet MY Vrins A Holste JE Fleishman C Alva R Cramer LG 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,226(10):1681-1684
OBJECTIVE: To determine the minimal effective dosage of omeprazole oral paste for the prevention of naturally occurring ulcers in horses starting race training. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 175 horses. PROCEDURE: Horses in the dose selection portion of the study were sham dose treated or received 1 mg (0.45 mg/lb) or 2 mg (0.9 mg/lb) of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 28 days or 4 mg of omeprazole/kg (1.8 mg/lb; loading dose), PO, every 24 hours for 4 days, then 1 or 2 mg of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 24 days. Horses in the dose confirmation portion of the study were sham dose treated or received 1 mg of omeprazole/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 28 days. Gastric ulcer scores at the beginning and end of the study were compared. RESULTS: Sham-dose-treated horses had significantly higher ulcer scores than did horses treated with any of the omeprazole dosages evaluated. Among horses treated with omeprazole, there was no significant interaction of dose (1 or 2 mg/kg) and loading dose; therefore, the lowest effective dose (1 mg/kg) was evaluated in the dose confirmation portion of the study. In the dose confirmation study, 4 of 39 (10%) sham-dose-treated horses remained ulcer free, which was significantly different from the proportion of horses (31/38 [82%]) receiving 1 mg of omeprazole/kg that remained ulcer free. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE; Results indicated that omeprazole administered at a dosage of 1 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours for 28 days was effective for prevention of gastric ulcers in horses starting race training. 相似文献
36.
Adsorption isotherms of prosulfocarb were determined on soils with different physicochemical properties. The extent of adsorption increased with the organic carbon content, but the results also suggested the involvement of some inorganic soil surfaces. In order better to understand the role of each soil surface, adsorption-desorption isotherms were determined on model soil colloids consisting of a soil humic acid, a montmorillonite, a synthetic aluminium hydroxide and their associations. The highest adsorption was observed on the humic acid, but it was also confirmed that the montmorillonite interacted with prosulfocarb. In contrast, the aluminium hydroxide was not active and its association with montmorillonite provoked a decrease in adsorption compared with montmorillonite alone. Except for humic acid, the highest adsorption took place on the ternary association montmorillonite-aluminium hydroxide-humic acid. On each surface tested, the adsorption was largely reversible and decreased at increasing pH. The herbicidal activity of prosulfocarb was tested by the determination of the germination and growth of a typical weed, Lolium multiflorum Lam, in contact with prosulfocarb solutions at different concentrations. The herbicide did not prevent the germination of the seeds but inhibited the growth of the roots and leaves. The same test was performed in the presence of the ternary system to evaluate the influence of adsorption on the plant bioavailability. It was concluded that the presence of an adsorptive surface reduced the herbicidal activity and that the simple bioassay proposed could be useful in predicting the extent of adsorption in a given soil. 相似文献
37.
B Lorrain O Dangles M Loonis M Armand C Dufour 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(36):9074-9081
The gastric tract may be the first site where food is exposed to postprandial oxidative stress and antioxidant activity by plant micronutrients. After food intake, dietary iron, dioxygen, and emulsified lipids come into close contact and lipid oxidation may take place. This study investigated lipid oxidation and its inhibition by dietary polyphenols in gastric-like conditions. Lipid oxidation induced by heme and nonheme iron was studied in acidic sunflower oil-in-water emulsions. The emulsifier type (bovine serum albumin, phospholipids), pH, and iron form were found to be factors governing the oxidation rates. Quercetin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid highly inhibited the metmyoglobin-initiated lipid oxidation in both emulsified systems at pH 5.8. Additionally, quercetin inhibited nonheme iron-initiated processes, while it was inefficient with hematin as an initiator. The presence of human gastric juice did not influence lipid oxidation, although it diminished the antioxidant activity of phenolics. Model emulsions may thus be valuable tools to study the gastric stability of polyunsaturated lipids. 相似文献
38.
Flore Dagorn Florence Buzin Aurélie Couzinet-Mossion Priscilla Decottignies Michèle Viau Vony Rabesaotra Gilles Barnathan Ga?tane Wielgosz-Collin 《Marine drugs》2014,12(12):6254-6268
The invasive mollusk Crepidula fornicata, occurring in large amounts in bays along the French Northeastern Atlantic coasts, may have huge environmental effects in highly productive ecosystems where shellfish are exploited. The present study aims at determining the potential economic value of this marine species in terms of exploitable substances with high added value. Lipid content and phospholipid (PL) composition of this mollusk collected on the Bourgneuf Bay were studied through four seasons. Winter specimens contained the highest lipid levels (5.3% dry weight), including 69% of PLs. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) was the major PL class all year, accounting for 63.9% to 88.9% of total PLs. Consequently, the winter specimens were then investigated for PL fatty acids (FAs), and free sterols. Dimethylacetals (DMAs) were present (10.7% of PL FA + DMA mixture) revealing the occurrence of plasmalogens. More than forty FAs were identified, including 20:5n-3 (9.4%) and 22:6n-3 (7.3%) acids. Fourteen free sterols were present, including cholesterol at 31.3% of the sterol mixture and about 40% of phytosterols. These data on lipids of C. fornicata demonstrate their positive attributes for human nutrition and health. The PL mixture, rich in PC and polyunsaturated FAs, offers an interesting alternative source of high value-added marine lecithin. 相似文献
39.
Heuskin S Lorge S Godin B Leroy P Frère I Verheggen FJ Haubruge E Wathelet JP Mestdagh M Hance T Lognay G 《Pest management science》2012,68(1):127-136
BACKGROUND: Optimisation of alginate formulations is described in order to develop semiochemical (E-β-farnesene and E-β-caryophyllene) slow-release devices in biological control approaches by attracting predators and parasitoids of aphids. Various formulation criteria were optimised with respect to semiochemical encapsulation capacity. Moreover, the optimised formulation was characterised by texturometry and confocal microscopy. The slow-release rates of semiochemicals were calculated in laboratory controlled conditions. The attractiveness of semiochemical formulations towards Aphidius ervi was demonstrated by olfactometry. RESULTS: Two major parameters were highlighted in encapsulation optimisation: the type of alginate (Sigma L) and the type of crosslinker ion (Ca2+). Other formulation parameters were optimised: ionic strength (0.5 M), Ca2+ (0.2 M) and alginate (1.5%) concentrations and the maturation time of beads in CaCl2 solution (48 h). After physical characterisation of beads, semiochemical slow-release measurements showed that alginate formulations were efficient sesquiterpene releasers, with 503 µg of E-β-farnesene and 1791 µg of E-β-caryophyllene totally released in 35 days. The efficiency of semiochemical alginate beads as attractants for female parasitoids was demonstrated, with high percentages of attraction for semiochemical odours (88 and 90% for E-β-farnesene and E-β-caryophyllene respectively) and significant statistical results. CONCLUSION: Semiochemical alginate beads can be considered as efficient slow-release systems in biological control. These formulations could be very useful to attract aphid parasitoids on crop fields. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
40.
The content of selected plant constituents was measured in cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. cv. Jennita) during conventional Norwegian tomato production in a greenhouse from May until October 2004. Samples were collected according to standard production procedure with orange-yellow colored fruits at weight in the range of 12.4-19.3 g and size in the range of 28.9-33.0 mm (diameter). The content of selected compounds based on 100 g FW were found to vary in the following range during the season: 7.38-28.38 mg of chalconaringenin, 0.32-0.92 mg of rutin, 0.24-1.06 mg of chlorogenic acid, 5.60-20.02 mg of ascorbic acid, 1.60-5.54 mg of lycopene, and 0.37-0.55 mg beta-carotene. Only minute amounts of naringenin together with kaempferol 3-rutinoside and caffeic acid, which previously have been reported from tomatoes, were detected. The content of chalconaringenin to rutin and that of lycopene to beta-carotene showed a strong correlation during the season (p < 0.001). The content of total phenolics and methanol-soluble antioxidants also showed a correlation (p < 0.001), and were found in the range 14.6-32.6 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW) and 445-737 micromol of Fe(II)/100 g FW, respectively. Seasonal variation in the level of plant constituents is shown to be related to photon flux density and fertilization level. 相似文献