Towards informed metrics for examining the role of human‐induced animal responses in tag studies on wild animals     

Rory P. WILSON  Mark HOLTON  Vianney L. WILSON  Richard GUNNER  Brenda TYSSE  Gwendoline I. WILSON  Flavio QUINTANA  Carlos DUARTE  D. Michael SCANTLEBURY 《Integrative zoology》2019,14(1):17-29

Two prime issues can detrimentally affect animals that have been equipped with tags: (i) the effect of the capture and restraint process; and (ii) the effect of the tag itself. This work examines some of the issues surrounding quantification of tag effects on wild animals for both restrained and free‐living animals. A new method to quantify stress effects based on monitoring ventilation rates in relation to activity is suggested for restrained animals which may help improve the practice of handling animals. It is also suggested that various metrics, many derived from accelerometers, can be examined in tagged wild animals to examine the change in behaviors over time with a view to having a better understanding of welfare issues, assuring the quality of recorded data and informing best practice.  相似文献   

Effects of insect infestation on rodent‐mediated dispersal of Quercus aliena: results from field and enclosure experiments     

Bo ZHANG  Xiaoning CHEN  Michael A. STEELE  Jingang LI  Gang CHANG 《Integrative zoology》2019,14(1):104-113

Rodents influence plant establishment and regeneration by functioning as both seed predators and dispersers. However, these rodent–plant interactions can vary significantly due to various environmental conditions and the activity of other insect seed predators. Here, we use a combination of both field and enclosure (i.e. individual cage and semi‐natural enclosure) experiments, to determine whether rodents can distinguish sound seeds from those infested with insects. We also demonstrate how such responses to insects are influenced by food abundance and other environmental factors. We presented rodents with 2 kinds of Quercus aliena seeds (sound and insect‐infested seeds) in a subtropical forest in the Qinling Mountains, central China, from September to November of 2011 to 2013. The results showed that rodents preferred to hoard and eat sound seeds than infested seeds in the field and semi‐natural enclosure, while they preferred to eat infested seeds over sound seeds in the individual cages. In addition, both hoarding and eating decisions were influenced by food abundance. Rodents hoarded more sound seeds in years of high food abundance while they consumed more acorns in years of food shortage. Compared with field results, rodents reduced scatter‐hoarding behavior in semi‐natural enclosures and ate more insect‐infested seeds in smaller individual cages. These results further confirm that rodents distinguish infested seeds from non‐infested seeds but demonstrate that this behavior varies with conditions (i.e. environment and food abundance). We suggest that such interactions will influence the dispersal and natural regeneration of seeds as well as predation rates on insect larvae.  相似文献   

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in urban Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations: Epidemiology and the impacts of kill‐trapping     

Michael J. Lee  Kaylee A. Byers  Christina M. Donovan  Erin Zabek  Craig Stephen  David M. Patrick  Chelsea G. Himsworth 《Zoonoses and public health》2019,66(3):343-348

Urban Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations can carry the bacteria methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). There are numerous knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of MRSA in these populations that limit understanding of its ecology in urban environments. For example, fecal shedding of MRSA, which may increase environmental contamination, has been reported in other species; however, it is unknown whether Norway rats carry the bacteria rectally. Furthermore, while intermittent MRSA shedding has been shown in other species and may dictate when the risk of transmission is highest, duration of carriage has not been examined for Norway rats. Previous work has shown that lethal animal‐control methods may increase the level of pathogens within reservoir populations, possibly by disrupting ecological patterns. However, the impact of rodent‐control on potentially environmentally acquired pathogens like MRSA has not been tested. Using capture‐mark‐recapture methods in an inner‐city neighborhood in Vancouver, Canada, we show that rats intermittently carry MRSA both in the rectum and oropharynx. By assessing the prevalence of MRSA before and after enacting a pest‐control intervention, we report that kill‐trapping had no impact on the prevalence of carriage of this environmentally‐acquired agent.  相似文献   

Tissue distribution of marbofloxacin after 'systemic' administration into the isolated perfused bovine udder     

Kietzmann M  Braun M  Schneider M  Pankow R 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2008,178(1):115-118

Mammary glands taken at slaughter from healthy lactating cows were perfused in vitro with warmed and gassed Tyrode solution. Marbofloxacin was administered "systemically" via the perfusion fluid at concentrations similar to those measured in plasma following intravenous administration of 2mg/kg marbofloxacin. Samples from the perfusate were taken over a 24h period. Glandular tissue samples at different vertical distances from the teat up to the udder base were gathered from each of the four quarters after 3, 6, 12 and 24h. The marbofloxacin content of the tissue samples was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The addition of marbofloxacin to the perfusion fluid produced median concentrations above the MIC90 (0.016microg/mL) against Escherichia coli at all glandular tissue sites measured after 3 and 6h with remarkable variations. Samples taken after 12 and 24h contained marbofloxacin in concentrations (median) of 0.22 (<0.05-0.32)microg/g and 0.13 (<0.05-0.16)microg/g. It is concluded that a systemic administration of marbofloxacin is well suited for the treatment of E. coli mastitis.  相似文献   

Efficacy of amoxycillin and azithromycin for the empirical treatment of shelter cats with suspected bacterial upper respiratory infections     

Ruch-Gallie RA  Veir JK  Spindel ME  Lappin MR 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2008,10(6):542-550

Thirty-one cats showing clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease with a presumed bacterial component based on clinical signs were administered either amoxycillin or azithromycin to determine which drug protocol was optimal for empirical use. A clinical score was determined and nasal and pharyngeal swabs were collected for bacterial culture, virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction prior to the start of therapy. Cats failing to respond to the initial antibiotic were then administered the other drug. There were no differences in clinical scores between the two groups at the start of therapy. Eleven of 31 cats improved after administration of the first antibiotic, 16 cats were switched to the alternate antibiotic, and four cats were removed from the study for additional supportive treatments. Eight of 27 cats failed to respond to either antibiotic. The chi2 test for outcomes revealed no differences in response to therapy for either antimicrobial.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the association of Bartonella species, feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus with chronic feline gingivostomatitis     

Quimby JM  Elston T  Hawley J  Brewer M  Miller A  Lappin MR 《Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery》2008,10(1):66-72

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Isolation and cultivation of canine corneal cells for in vitro studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

Werner A  Braun M  Kietzmann M 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2008,11(2):67-74

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Cardiovascular and autonomic nervous effects of edrophonium and atropine combinations during neuromuscular blockade antagonism in sheep     

Clutton RE  Glasby MA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2008,35(3):191-200

ObjectiveTo study heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP) and autonomic nervous (AN) effects of edrophonium–atropine combinations during neuromuscular blockade (NMB) antagonism in sheep.Experimental design Randomized, prospective and experimental study.AnimalsSeventy-eight Scottish blackface ewes; mean age: 4.5 years; mean body mass: 54 kg.MethodsAfter induction with IV etomidate (0.5 mg kg⁻¹) and midazolam (0.5 mg kg⁻¹), anaesthesia was maintained with halothane and NMB produced with atracurium or mivacurium. In the first study (n = 53), the electrocardiographic (ECG), HR, BP and AN effects of low (40 μg kg⁻¹) and high (80 μg kg⁻¹) atropine doses combined with either of two edrophonium doses (0.5 or 1.0 mg kg⁻¹) were investigated. These variables were also measured in a second study when edrophonium (1.0 mg kg⁻¹) was administered 5 minutes before atropine (80 μg kg⁻¹) and vice versa. Data were analysed using one-way within-subjects and repeated measures anova.ResultsIn the first study, all combinations reversed NMB but significantly (p < 0.001) increased HR and BP within 2 minutes without arrhythmias. In the second study, edrophonium (1.0 mg kg⁻¹) significantly increased HR and BP, saliva flow (n = 1) and lung sounds (n = 3) and caused ECG changes (n = 1). Cardiovascular changes were partially reversed by atropine (80 μg kg⁻¹) administered 5 minutes later. Administered first, atropine (80 μg kg⁻¹) significantly decreased HR and BP effects which were fully (HR) and partially (BP) reversed by edrophonium (1 mg kg⁻¹) administered 5 minutes later.Conclusion and clinical relevance The cardiovascular effects of edrophonium and atropine were opposite to those reported in humans and dogs. Edrophonium (0.5 mg kg⁻¹) and atropine (80 μg kg⁻¹) caused the mildest HR changes without ECG and noncardiac AN disturbances, and is recommended for the antagonism of NMB in sheep.  相似文献   

Return to racing after surgical management of third carpal bone slab fractures in thoroughbred and standardbred racehorses     

Alyssa K. Doering  Heidi L. Reesink  Lauren K. Luedke  Christina Moore  Alan J. Nixon  Lisa A. Fortier  Norm G. Ducharme  Michael W. Ross  David G. Levine  Dean W. Richardson  Darko Stefanovski  Kyla F. Ortved 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2019,48(4):513-523

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Impact of epidural bupivacaine on perioperative opioid requirements,recovery characteristics,and duration of hospitalization in dogs undergoing cystotomy: A retrospective study of 56 cases     

Dario Floriano  Michael J. Sahagian  Ludovica Chiavaccini 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2019,48(7):1330-1337

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