Wild safflower species (Carthamus oxyacanthus): A possible source of resistance to the safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi)     

Mohammad Reza Sabzalian  Ghodratollah Saeidi  Aghafakhr Mirlohi  Bijan Hatami 《Crop Protection》2010

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oil seed crop with growing importance in many countries around the world. However, safflower fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi Rossi) is one of the main limiting factors to expand the production area of the crop in several countries. Since host plant-resistance is the most efficient method for pest management, we evaluated a germplasm of wild accessions (Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb.) with mostly brown–black seed coat color along with some white-seeded cultivated safflower genotypes for resistance to safflower fly. The results showed that there was a significant difference between two species for safflower fly damage with all cultivated genotypes being susceptible. However, for the accessions of C. oxyacanthus, a wide range of resistance was observed. In a choice experiment and natural infestation, 35.3–78.9 percent of heads per plant were infested in genotypes of C. tinctorius while for the accessions of C. oxyacanthus this was much smaller and ranged from 1.6 to 13.6%. In addition, percentage of seed yield loss per infested plant was more drastic in cultivated safflower (29.0–72.8%) than the wild accessions (0.0–21.4%). In the no-choice experiment, fly population was dramatically decreased in the wild accessions due to larval mortality and possibility of antibiosis. There was a strong relationship between brown–black seed coat color and resistance to safflower fly indicating the possibility of using this trait in breeding programs of safflower to develop fly-resistant cultivars.  相似文献   

Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective     

H.R. Khan  J.G. Paull  K.H.M. Siddique  F.L. Stoddard 《Field Crops Research》2010

The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) crop often experiences drought during its growth and development such that soil moisture deficits constrain its production. As droughts are predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity due to climate change, a better understanding of drought response patterns and associated traits is essential for obtaining yield stability in water-limited environments. This review deals with adaptation mechanisms associated with drought avoidance, escape and tolerance, with an emphasis on physiological traits such as stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and leaf temperature. Leaf temperature is considered an effective surrogate measure for other measures of stomatal characteristics. Drought tolerance through osmotic adjustment has not yet been demonstrated in faba bean although it is found in many other legumes including chickpea and pea. Deeper root growth, leading to uptake of otherwise unavailable water, helps the plant to avoid drought by delaying dehydration, but genetic variation and heritability of the trait are essentially unknown for faba bean. Crop management strategies, such as early planting, and appropriate phenology, are particularly important for drought escape in regions where terminal drought is common. Disease resistance is especially important in drought-prone areas to reduce the need for expensive control measures when yields are uncertain. The relevance of soil fertility status and nutrient availability are also covered. Drought escape and ascochyta blight resistance are important breeding objectives for terminal drought regions. Some form of drought resistance is necessary for the transient droughts experienced in most regions, and drought avoidance can be screened by a combination of leaf temperature or other rapid test of stomatal characteristics followed by carbon isotope discrimination in the most valuable materials. No single trait is adequate to improve yield in drought-prone environments, rather, a combination of characteristics is needed.  相似文献   

Effects of Prohexadione Calcium on growth and gibberellins contents of Chrysanthemum morifolium R. cv Monalisa White     

Yoon Ha Kim  Abdul Latif Khan  Muhammad Hamayun  Jung Tae Kim  Joon Hee Lee  In Cheon Hwang  Cheoul Su Yoon  In-Jung Lee 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010

The effect of Prohexadione Calcium (Pro-Ca) and daminozide was observed on the growth characteristics and endogenous gibberellin contents of Chrysanthemum morifolium R. cv Monalisa White. Three concentrations viz. 100, 200 and 400 ppm of Pro-Ca and a single concentration of daminozide (800 ppm) were applied three times with 7 days interval on three weeks old plant under greenhouse condition. Pro-Ca suppressed the plant length up to 30.7% while daminozide inhibited up to 27.12% at optimum concentration. The chlorophyll contents and stem diameter were higher than control, while the fresh weight and flower number insignificantly reduced with such treatments. Gibberellin (GA) analysis showed that Pro-Ca and daminozide application significantly lowered bioactive GA₁ content, although the amount of its immediate precursor GA₂₀ was fractionally higher. Bioactive GA₄ content was slightly higher than the control while significant difference in GA₉ was found between the plants treated with Pro-Ca and daminozide. Current study showed that both early C13 hydroxylation and non-C13 hydroxylation pathways of GA biosynthesis are operational in C. morifolium.  相似文献   

Study the Effects of the Longheaded Flour Beetle Latheticus oryzae in the Specification of Flour     

O.  S.  Mohammad  B.  Y.  Saleim 《农业科学与技术》2011,(6):882-889

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Folate and vitamin B12 status of women of reproductive age living in Hanoi City and Hai Duong Province of Vietnam     

Vu TT  Nguyen TL  Nguyen CK  Nguyen TD  Skeaff CM  Venn BJ  Walmsley T  George PM  McLean J  Brown MR  Green TJ 《Public health nutrition》2009,12(7):941-946

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Determination of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine in fungal cell walls   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zamani A  Jeihanipour A  Edebo L  Niklasson C  Taherzadeh MJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(18):8314-8318

A new method was developed to determine glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) in materials containing chitin and chitosan, such as fungal cell walls. It is based on two steps of hydrolysis with (i) concentrated sulfuric acid at low temperature and (ii) dilute sulfuric acid at high temperature, followed by one-step degradation with nitrous acid. In this process, chitin and chitosan are converted into anhydromannose and acetic acid. Anhydromannose represents the sum of GlcN and GlcNAc, whereas acetic acid is a marker for GlcNAc only. The method showed recovery of 90.1% of chitin and 85.7-92.4% of chitosan from commercial preparations. Furthermore, alkali insoluble material (AIM) from biomass of three strains of zygomycetes, Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor indicus, and Rhizomucor pusillus, was analyzed by this method. The glucosamine contents of AIM from R. oryzae and M. indicus were almost constant (41.7 +/- 2.2% and 42.0 +/- 1.7%, respectively), while in R. pusillus, it decreased from 40.0 to 30.0% during cultivation from 1 to 6 days. The GlcNAc content of AIM from R. oryzae and R. pusillus increased from 24.9 to 31.0% and from 36.3 to 50.8%, respectively, in 6 days, while it remained almost constant during the cultivation of M. indicus (23.5 +/- 0.8%).  相似文献   

Sustainable land and water management policies and practices: a pathway to environmental sustainability in large irrigation systems     

S. Khan  M. A. Hanjra 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2008,19(5):469-487

Water cycle, land management, and environmental sustainability are intimately linked. Sustainable land and water management practices are vital for sustaining agricultural productivity and regional development. Unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity constraint over long periods can impose significant costs in terms of lost opportunities in farm production and regional development, say by causing waterlogging and salinity. On‐farm and regional salt and water balance dynamics are modeled as a sustainability or carrying capacity constraint, proxied by regional salt and water balance; on‐farm land and water management practices are then adjusted to meet the constraint, such that individual actions do not lead to a net change in the ground water and salt balance. Common actions across the farms would achieve the overall environmental sustainability. An irrigated area in southern Murray‐Darling Basin in Australia serves as a case study example. Integrated hydrologic, economic, agricultural, and environmental models called SWAGMAN series are used to evaluate the impacts of a range of on‐farm interventions on farm income and environmental sustainability. The results show that policies such as restrictions on area under certain crops, and tradable groundwater recharge/salinity credits both offer higher total gross margin and net present value than the business as usual scenario, specifically in the long run—win–win options for the farmers and the environment. The modeling results thus confirm the widely held view that unsustainable land and water management practices that violate the system's carrying capacity can impose significant costs on regional communities. In‐depth hydrological and economic analyses are needed to shape and guide society's vision for sustainable land and water management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity using molecular and morphometric markers in Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees     

Surrinder K. Lattoo  Rekha S. Dhar  Shabnam Khan  S. Bamotra  Maharaj K. Bhan  Autar K. Dhar  Kuldip K. Gupta 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(1):33-43

Andrographis paniculata is a medicinal plant of immense therapeutic value. The present study was aimed to elucidate its genetic diversity based on morphochemical and RAPD markers from 53 accessions belonging to 5 eco-geographic regions. Analysis of variance and D ² statistics revealed significant differences in all the metric traits and sufficient inter-cluster distances indicating considerable diversity among the accessions. The complementary approach of RAPD was used to evaluate the genetic dissimilarities among all the accessions using 6 highly polymorphic primers. The average proportion of polymorphic loci across primers was 96.28%. The molecular genetic diversity based on Shannon index per primer averaged 5.585 with values ranging from 3.08 to 8.70 indicating towards wide genetic base. RAPD based UPGMA and D ² cluster analysis also revealed that various accessions available in different eco-geographic regions might have originated from native places of wild abundance. Similarity matrices were generated for molecular markers and morphometric data to determine the degree of congruence between the two. A highly significant but low correlation (r = 0.547, P < 0.001) was obtained thus implying the correspondence between the two. The species is hermaphroditic and a habitual inbreeder. The present study yielded a typical triangular congruence between its breeding system, morphometric traits and RAPD markers thus elucidating the usefulness of complementary approaches to make diversity analysis more explanatory and purposeful for optimum genetic amelioration and effective conservation of its genotypic variability.  相似文献   

Distribution and diversity of Aegilops tauschii in Iran     

Mohammad Jaffar Aghaei  Javad Mozafari  Ali Reza Taleei  Mohammad Reza Naghavi  Mansoor Omidi 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(3):341-349

The wide morphological variation of Aegilops tauschii has led to the distinction of different subspecies; a typical ssp. tauschii and a second ssp. strangulata. However some researchers pointed out the existance of the intermediate form among morphologically distinguished subspecies. Distribution, diversity and the relationship between different subspecies and the intermediate form were evaluated in the Iranian Ae. tauschii collection. This collection was classified to 15 different populations according to morphological similarities and the collecting origin of accessions. The highest variation was found in tauschii population of Golestan followed by tauschii populations of Gilan and Ardebill, whereas the lowest variation was observed in tauschii populations of central Iran. Two discriminant functions suggested that the length of rachis node and spikelet glume, particularly, the length/width ratios of these traits had the highest impact on identification of different forms. Mahalanobis distances (D ² ) between the two subspecies along with intermediate form on the multidimensional scaling plot showed that the intermediate form is more similar to ssp. tauschii than ssp. strangulata. Although, the diversity within the ssp. strangulata was not very high, it widely affected the diversity of Iranian accessions of Ae. tauschii through continues crossing with the more diversed subspecies, tauschii, during thousands of years. This fact had lead to expansion of its distribution from its origin to Northern Khorasan, Northern Semnan and Eastern Ardebill by producing the intermediate form.  相似文献   

Genetic diversity and gene-pool subdivisions of diploid D-genome <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aegilops tauschii</Emphasis> Coss. (Poaceae) in Iran as revealed by AFLP     

Hojjatollah Saeidi  Badradin Ebrahim Sayed Tabatabaei  Mehdi Rahimmalek  Majid Talebi-Badaf  Mohammad Reza Rahiminejad 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(8):1231-1238

The diploid goatgrass Aegilops tauschii is considered the D-genome donor of bread wheat and has probably a centre of diversity in north of Iran. In order to measure the genetic diversity of and the relationships among different populations, varieties and subspecies belonging to Ae. tauschii in Iran, DNA was extracted from 48 accessions of Ae. tauschii collected across the geographic range of the species in the Country and the genetic diversity was assessed using AFLPs based on eight PstI/MseI +3 primer pairs resulted in 277 bands, 198 of which were polymorphic. High level polymorphism was detected, with an average of polymorphism rate of 0.715; relatively low genetic similarity (0.455) between accessions and significant difference between the lowest (0.179) and the highest genetic similarity (0.817). The Iranian Ae. tauschii populations showed high level of genetic diversity. The populations studied were divided into two groups: one group was mainly representing Northern populations collected from Southern Caspian Sea shore and the other group was mainly representing Northeast and Northwest populations. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that Ae. tauschii possesses two separate gene-pools in Iran: Northern and Northeastern–Northwestern. Considering the needs for introducing new characteristics and alleles for wheat improvement purposes, Ae. tauschii Iranian gene-pool is assumed to be of high importance for more investigation in the future.  相似文献