不同土壤水势下贝莱斯芽孢杆菌B006菌剂对茄子的促生增产作用     

耿妍  郭荣君  张爱香  GOVRIN Eri Moshe  李世东 《农业环境科学学报》2020,37(3):398-406

为了明确水肥一体化灌溉系统中不同土壤水势条件下,施用芽孢杆菌B006菌剂对茄子生长及产量的促进作用,采用灌根法测定施用芽孢杆菌B006菌剂（1×10⁷ CFU·mL^-1）对盆栽茄子幼苗生长的影响。在日光温室开展两因子、两水平交互田间小区试验,在土壤水势分别为-30 kPa和-40 kPa条件下,设置施用和不施用（对照）芽孢杆菌B006菌剂共4组处理。各处理均施用278.77 kg·hm^-2化学肥料（N/P/K为17：9：34）。采用电子张力计监测土壤水势,采用水肥一体化自动灌溉系统进行灌溉。分别在移栽时和定植后30 d浇灌浓度为1×10⁷ CFU·mL^-1的B006菌剂稀释液。35 d后测定茄子的株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量和地上部干质量,50 d后调查茄子开花数,每次施肥前测定土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量,收获期测定产量,收获后测定根长和根干质量。结果表明：施用B006菌剂处理的盆栽茄子株高、茎粗、根长和根干质量比对照分别提高了16.7%、20.7%、28.7%和67.0%。在日光温室大棚试验中,施用B006菌剂处理土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量均低于对照;土壤水势-30 kPa和-40 kPa条件下,施用B006菌剂处理的茄子产量比对照分别提高了24.5%和18.1%。当灌溉量从804.88 m³·hm^-2减少到574.91 m³·hm^-2时,施用B006菌剂的两处理之间产量无显著差异。综上所述,施用芽孢杆菌B006菌剂可以促进茄子对氮、磷、钾的吸收,提高肥料利用率,从而促进植物生长,甚至在少水灌溉条件下不降低茄子产量。  相似文献   

Extinction of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)     

Moshe Gophen 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1979,16(1):67-71

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) was found in Lake Kinneret until the late nineteen-fifties. Lake Kinneret was the northern-most limit of the distribution of this species. It is suggested that fingerlings of grey mullets and Sarotherodon aureus that were introduced into Lake Kinneret caused the extinction of D. lumholtzi.  相似文献   

Effect of leaching events on the fate of polyhalite nutrient minerals used for crop fertilization     

Chengdong Huang  Uri Yermiyahu  Moshe Shenker 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(16):2518-2532

Abstract

Polyhalite is a natural mineral containing potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) and is proposed as a fertilizer source for these essential nutrients. Application of polyhalite is expected to be most relevant in soils where the availability of these nutrients is low: in sandy soils, in highly leached soils, or in areas where crops are irrigated by water with low content of these nutrients or are rain-fed. A controlled lysimeter experiment investigated the efficacy of surface applied polyhalite as a fertilizer supplying K, Ca, Mg and S compared to soluble sulfate salts in two soils (sandy and loamy) with or without simulated rain leaching events through two cycles of cropping. In the first cycle, carrot response and nutrient uptake, transport, and loss through leaching were studied, while in the second cycle the residual effect of the fertilizer was considered on maize without additional fertilizer application or leaching. Polyhalite plus rain led to increased carrot yield due to augmented Ca uptake in sandy soil. In both soils, polyhalite behaved as a prolonged availability fertilizer with more nutrients retained in the top soil layer and not leached below the root zone. The treatments did not affect maize growth or nutrient uptake except for lower K and S uptake in soils where rain had been simulated for the previous crop. We conclude that polyhalite shows potential as a commercial fertilizer to supply K, Ca, Mg, and S nutrients under conditions of dryland agriculture where occasionally leaching by rainfall occurs.  相似文献   

Understory woody vegetation in manmade Mediterranean pine forests: variation in community structure along a rainfall gradient     

Yagil Osem  Ela Zangy  Eitan Bney-Moshe  Yosi Moshe 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(3):693-704

Natural regeneration that occurs in the understory of Mediterranean pine monocultures provides the basis for the transition of these simply structured systems toward a more complex and sustainable state. However, the course and consequences of this process, and its relationships with environmental and silvicultural variables, are still inadequately understood. We investigated the relationship between rainfall amount and understory woody vegetation (UWV) structure in mature (40–50 year) Pinus halepensis plantations in the Mediterranean zone of Israel, where rainfall ranges from 280 mm/year in the south to 900 mm/year in the north. We measured abundance, diversity and species composition on south- and north-facing slopes, in forest sites distributed along the rainfall gradient. UWV abundance, as measured by cover percentage and height, increased with rainfall amount along the entire gradient (2–113% and 0.1–3.4 m, respectively), more rapidly on north-facing slopes. Species composition varied along the rainfall gradient, with ranges of species occurrences corresponding to those in unforested habitats. The relationship between rainfall and UWV species richness was positive throughout most of the rainfall gradient, possibly with a shift in pattern at the highest rainfall levels. UWV richness increased sharply with increasing abundance, up to a certain point with no further increase in richness as abundance increased further. We concluded that UWV structure in the studied forest environment and climatic range is strongly determined by rainfall and suggested that the design and management of Mediterranean forests should focus more on optimizing water availability for the various components.  相似文献   

Untangling the positive and negative effects of shrubs on herbaceous vegetation in drylands     

Moran Segoli  Eugene D. Ungar  Itamar Giladi  Amir Arnon  Moshe Shachak 《Landscape Ecology》2012,27(6):899-910

Woody vegetation, as an ecosystem engineer, can modulate the landscape such that the levels of resources in its vicinity undergo positive and negative changes as far as the herbaceous vegetation is concerned. To better understand how these processes play out in a semi-arid ecosystem, we examined resource modulation by woody vegetation, and the response of herbaceous vegetation to that modulation, at a fine spatial scale. Experimental manipulations were employed to separate the positive and negative effects of water, light and seed dispersal in determining herbaceous species density and biomass in three patch types within and adjacent to the shrub (core, periphery and open). We synthesized our results into a multilayered landscape diversity (MLLD) model. Woody vegetation creates distinct multilayered resource patches at its core and periphery which do not correspond to the dichotomous structural pattern of shrub canopy versus intershrub background. The combined effect of these multilayered resource patches had higher herbaceous species density (8.2 vs. 4.0 species 400?cm^?2) and herbaceous biomass (5.4 vs. 1.0?g 400?cm^?2) in the periphery than in the core (3-yr averages). The periphery??s net positive effects are due to enhancement of soil properties (water infiltration depth of 11.1?cm at periphery vs. 8.1?cm at core), while the core??s net negative effects are due to modulation of seed (seed abundance per seed trap of 44.2 at periphery vs. 3.0 at core) and light availability (PAR transmittance of 41.9?% at periphery vs. 16.5?% at core) by the shrub canopy. Thus, when examined at this fine spatial resolution, woody vegetation has both net positive and net negative effects on herbaceous vegetation. Analysis of our results by means of the MLLD model emphasizes the importance of examining the landscape at the spatial scale of the modulated resources and of recognizing different patch types and their differing effects on herbaceous vegetation.  相似文献   

Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica L.)     

Solomon A  Golubowicz S  Yablowicz Z  Grossman S  Bergman M  Gottlieb HE  Altman A  Kerem Z  Flaishman MA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(20):7717-7723

Fig fruit has been a typical component in the health-promoting Mediterranean diet for millennia. To study the potential health-promoting constituents of fig fruits, six commercial fig varieties differing in color (black, red, yellow, and green) were analyzed for total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and amount and profile of anthocyanins. Using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC), various concentrations of anthocyanins but a similar profile was found in all varieties studied. Hydrolysis revealed cyanidin as the major aglycon. Proton and carbon NMR confirmed cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoglucoside (cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside; C3R) as the main anthocyanin in all fruits. Color appearance of fig extract correlated well with total polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. Extracts of darker varieties showed higher contents of phytochemicals compared to lighter colored varieties. Fruit skins contributed most of the above phytochemicals and antioxidant activity compared to the fruit pulp. Antioxidant capacity correlated well with the amounts of polyphenols and anthocyanins (R2 = 0.985 and 0.992, respectively). In the dark-colored Mission and the red Brown-Turkey varieties, the anthocyanin fraction contributed 36 and 28% of the total antioxidant capacity, respectively. C3R contributed 92% of the total antioxidant capacity of the anthocyanin fraction. Fruits of the Mission variety contained the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins and exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity.  相似文献   

Increasing Iron Availability to Crops: Fertilizers, Organo-Fertilizers, and Biological Approaches   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Moshe Shenker  Yona Chen 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2005,51(1):1-17

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Lipid peroxidation and coupled vitamin oxidation in simulated and human gastric fluid inhibited by dietary polyphenols: health implications     

Gorelik S  Lapidot T  Shaham I  Granit R  Ligumsky M  Kohen R  Kanner J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(9):3397-3402

The Western diet contains large quantities of oxidized lipids, because a large proportion of the food in the diet is consumed in a fried, heated, processed, or stored form. We investigated the reaction that could occur in the acidic pH of the stomach and accelerate the generation of lipid hydroperoxides and cooxidation of dietary vitamins. To estimate the oxygen content in the stomach after food consumption, oxygen released from masticated bread (20 g) into deoxygenated water (100 mL) was measured. Under these conditions, the oxygen concentration rose by 250 microM and reached a full oxygen saturation. The present study demonstrated that heated red meat homogenized in human gastric fluid, at pH 3.0, generated hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde. The cross-reaction between free radicals produced during this reaction cooxidized vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C. Both lipid peroxidation and cooxidation of vitamin E and beta-carotene were inhibited at pH 3.0 by red wine polyphenols. Ascorbic acid (44 mg) at a concentration that represented the amount that could be ingested during a meal inhibited lipid peroxidation only slightly. Red wine polyphenols failed to prevent ascorbic acid oxidation significantly but, in conjunction with ascorbic acid, did inhibit lipid peroxidation. In the presence of catechin, a well-known polyphenol found in red wine, ascorbic acid at pH 3.0 works in a synergistic manner preventing lipid peroxidation and beta-carotene cooxidation. The present data may explain the major benefits to our health and the crucial role of consuming food products rich in dietary antioxidants such as fruits, vegetables, red wines, or green tea during the meal.  相似文献   

Controlling downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in field-grown grapevine with β-aminobutyric acid (BABA)     

Moshe Reuveni  Tirtza Zahavi  Yigal Cohen 《Phytoparasitica》2001,29(2):125-133

Two foliar sprays of BABA (DL-3-amino-n-butanoic acid, DL-β-aminobutyric acid), or a mixture of BABA and different fungicides at reduced rates, effectively controlled (>90%) downy mildew, caused byPlasmopara viticola, in the foliage of field-grown grapevines. In five field trials BABA sprays resulted in a significant reduction of infectious leaf area and fungal sporulation, and of necrosis of oilspots. The level of disease control for BABA in four trials was similar to that achieved by metalaxyl-Cu or ‘Acrobat Plus’ (dimethomorph + mancozeb). Two-way tank-mixtures of BABA + fosetyl-AI, BABA + folpet, or BABA + Bion (benzothiadiazole), each at half the recommended rate, provided an additive effect againstP. viticola, performing as well as the full rate of each fungicide alone. BABA was not phytotoxic and did not affect pH, total titratable acids, or °Brix of the juice, as determined by commercial fungicidal standards. The results indicate that foliar applications of BABA can efficiently be integrated into a downy mildew control program in vineyards.  相似文献   

Ionic balance,biomass production,and organic nitrogen as affected by salinity and nitrogen source in annual ryegrass     

Moshe Sagi  Amos Dovrat  Tal Kipnis  Herman Lips 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(10):1291-1316

Studies on the effects of salinity and nitrogen (N) fertilization on ionic balance, biomass, and organic N production of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were conducted. Plants grown in sand were irrigated with nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity of 2 or 11.2 dS#lbm^‐1, and N in the form of sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), or ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] ranging from 0.5 to 9.0 mM. Salinity increased the concentration of total inorganic cations (C) in plants and specifically sodium (Na) by more than 3‐fold higher in plants grown at high salinity as compared with plants at low salinity. Sodium (Na) concentration in roots was higher than in shoots irrespective of the salinity level, suggesting a restriction of Na transport from roots to shoots. The concentration of total inorganic anions (A) increased with salinity and when plants were supplied with nitrate (NO₃), salinity increased the concentrations of NO₃ and chloride (Cl) in plants. Increasing salinity and N concentration in the growth medium increased organic anions concentration in plants, estimated as the difference between C and A. The effect of different N sources on C‐A followed the order: NH₄NO₃ > NO₃ > ammonium (NH₄). The base of organic anions and inorganic ions with salinity contributed significantly to the osmotic potential of plants shoots and roots. Changes in C affected N and organic acids metabolism in plants, since C were highly correlated (p=0.0001) with C‐A and organic N (N_org) concentrations regardless of the salinity level or N source in the nutrient solutions. A high and positive linear dependency was found between N_org and C‐A in plants grown at high and low salinity levels and different N sources, pointing out the close relationship between N_org and organic anions on metabolism under these conditions. The amount of biomass produced was correlated positively with organic anion concentration in plants exposed to different salinity levels. Plant biomass increased with N concentration in the nutrient solution regardless of the salinity level applied. Biomass accumulation decreased while N_org concentration increased with salinity. Organic N content remained unaffected in plants exposed to salinity when grown in N less than 9.0 mM.  相似文献