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排序方式: 共有218条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
The relative importance of breed versus rearing experience on the grazing behaviour and diet selection of beef cattle when grazing unimproved grassland was examined over 4 years. Suckler‐reared calves of a traditional (T) breed (North Devon) or a commercial (C) breed (Simmental × Hereford Friesian) were cross‐fostered and then reared either extensively (E) on unimproved grassland or intensively (I) on agriculturally improved fertilized grassland. As yearlings, the four groups of calves (Traditional breed + Extensive rearing (TE); Traditional breed + Intensive rearing (TI); Commercial breed + Extensive rearing (CE) and Commercial breed + Intensive rearing (CI)) grazed unimproved grassland dominated by Molinia caerulea, for 2 months, and foraging behaviour was studied in a test phase. There was a breed effect on total (bites + chews; TJM) jaw movement rate (T, 78·2 vs. C, 76·5 min?1; F prob. = 0·041) during grazing and on the proportion of bites taken from plant communities with sward height ≥6 cm (T, 0·83 vs. C, 0·76; F prob. = 0·018). Rearing experience affected TJM rate in the first year in July (E, 80·0 vs. I, 76·8 min?1; F prob. = 0·015) and August (E, 78·5 vs. I, 75·5 min?1; F prob. = 0·046). The intensively reared animals grew less well on average during the test phase than those that had previous experience of the unimproved grassland as calves with their mothers (E, 0·16 vs. I, 0·09 kg day?1; F prob. = 0·033). Our findings indicate that the rearing experience of livestock appears to be as important as the breed when designing grazing managements for nature conservation areas. 相似文献
22.
Greg P. Behrens Doug Orr Robert G. Wetherold Barbara Toole O'Neil 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1996,90(1-2):113-122
The Power Plant Integrated Systems: Chemical Emissions Studies (PISCES) Database sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute is a powerful tool for evaluating and comparing the level of trace substances in power plant process streams. In this paper, data are presented on the level of several selected trace metals found in a few of the aqueous streams present in power plants. In addition, a brief discussion of other features of the Database is presented. 相似文献
23.
A. J. S. Tang W. H. Chan D. B. Orr W. S. Bardswick M. A. Lusis 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,36(1-2):91-102
Experiments have been carried out to assess the precision and various potential sources of error in precipitation chemistry and deposition measurements made by the Acidic Precipitation in Ontario Study (APIOS). It was found that reproducibility of daily precipitation concentration measurements of S04 ? and NO3 ? using colocated Aerochem Metrics samplers is 96% or better for 50% of the time, and 73% or better for 95 % of the time. For these parameters, MIC Type A 28-d samplers give reproducibilities of 94% or better 50% of the time, and 79% or better 95 % of the time. The reproducibility for the concentration of the other major ions, and loading (concentration times sample depth) is somewhat poorer. Concentration changes due to sample degradation or evaporative losses under field conditions are negligible or small on average, even for 28-d samples. For 28-d concentration measurements using MIC Type A collectors, errors due to evaporation amount to about 3% as an annual average, and 5% during the summer period. For S04 ? and NO3 ?, overall long-term errors due to exposure under field conditions (including dry contamination and degradation due to chemical reactions), and sample handling, are less than 10%, at least for the techniques used in APIOS. A major potential source of error still to be quantified is unrepresentative sampling by automatic wet-only collectros (i.e., missing of initial portions of precipitation events due to sluggish sensor response, or less than 100% collection efficiencies of precipitation amounts). 相似文献
24.
Guest JR Stievater TH Chen G Tabak EA Orr BG Steel DG Gammon D Katzer DS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5538):2224-2227
We combined coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy with nano-electron volt energy resolution and low-temperature near-field microscopy with subwavelength resolution (相似文献
25.
Human GM-CSF: molecular cloning of the complementary DNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins 总被引:185,自引:0,他引:185
G G Wong J S Witek P A Temple K M Wilkens A C Leary D P Luxenberg S S Jones E L Brown R M Kay E C Orr 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,228(4701):810-815
Clones of complementary DNA encoding the human lymphokine known as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were isolated by means of a mammalian cell (monkey COS cell) expression screening system. One of these clones was used to produce recombinant GM-CSF in mammalian cells. The recombinant hematopoietin was similar to the natural product that was purified to apparent homogeneity from medium conditioned by a human T-cell line. The human T-cell GM-CSF was found to be 60 percent homologous with the GM-CSF recently cloned from murine lung messenger RNA. 相似文献
26.
Reichle HG Beck SM Haynes RE Hesketh WD Holland JA Hypes WD Orr HD Sherrill RT Wallio HA Casas JC Saylor MS Gormsen BB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,218(4576):1024-1026
During the second flight of the space shuttle, the measurement of air pollution from satellites (MAPS) experiment in the OSTA-1 payload acquired approximately 35 hours of radiometric measurements of the carbon monoxide mixing ratio in the middle troposphere, upper troposphere, and lower stratosphere. A gas filter radiometer operating in the 4.67-micrometer band was used to acquire the data over the region from 38 degrees N to 38 degrees S during both daytime and nighttime. The performance of the measurement system was excellent. The data reduced to date indicate the presence of significant gradients in the middle tropospheric carbon monoxide mixing ratio with both latitude and longitude over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Middle East. On the basis of comparisons with directly measured values, the accuracy of the measurements is approximately 15 percent. Comparisons of data taken on successive orbits over the same geographic region indicate that the repeatability of the measurements is approximately 5 percent. 相似文献
27.
Kinetics of H+ consumption by mineral dissolution in a surface soil and a subsoil of an acid woodland soil were studied by means of batch type experiments and stationary pH titrations. Mineral dissolution in the subsoil could effectively be described by congruent dissolution of illite (K0.6Mg0.25A12.3S13010(OH)2) followed by an incongruent dissolution stage. In the incongruent stage the concentration of Al decreased while concentrations of K and Mg continued to increase. Congruent dissolution rates of illite could be predicted with power type relationships from transition state theory. In the incongruent dissolution stage the activities of H and Al appeared to be controlled by precipitation of A1(OH)3. Results of this kind of experiments could be helpful to understand the behavior of Al and base cations in acid soils and soils with high atmospheric loadings of acid. Comparison of the results of batch experiments for a surface soil and a subsoil showed that initially proton consumption in the surface soil is faster and more effective due to the presence of a relatively high cation exchange capacity and base saturation value. However with progressive proton consumption and increasing reaction times proton consumption in the subsoil becomes faster than in the surface soil, presumably due to higher rates of mineral dissolution in the subsoil. Lower dissolution rates in the surface soil may result from lower contents of easily weatherable minerals, due to excessive leaching in the past which is reflected in a 17% lower acid neutralizing capacity than in the subsoil. 相似文献
28.
E. D. Janzen O. M. Radostits J. P. Orr 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1981,22(4):92-94
Apparent monensin toxicity was diagnosed in a group of Maine Anjou bulls placed on a performance test in a commercial feedyard in east central Saskatchewan. The clinical, hematological and pathological findings were consistent with a diagnosis of congestive heart failure. The suspected dose ingested by the bulls was based on a mixing error evident from the feedlot's daily feed journal. When deaths in the group of bulls began to occur, the intoxicating feedstuff was no longer available for confirmation of the diagnosis. 相似文献
29.
Eight cats were vaccinated intranasally with a combined feline calicivirus/feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) virus commercial vaccine. Following intranasal challenge with a field strain of FVR virus and subsequent treatment with corticosteroid, no virus was recovered from any of the eight cats, while FVR virus was recovered following corticosteroid treatment from two of four unvaccinated and challenged controls. No evidence was found for the development of an FVR virus carrier state with the intranasal vaccine virus. 相似文献
30.
Effects of additional feed during late gestation on reproductive performance of sows: a cooperative study 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
G L Cromwell D D Hall A J Clawson G E Combs D A Knabe C V Maxwell P R Noland D E Orr T J Prince 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(1):3-14
A cooperative research study involving 1,080 litters was conducted at eight stations to determine the effects of additional feed during the last 23 d of gestation on reproductive performance of sows and on preweaning performance of their pigs. Primiparous and multiparous sows were fed fortified corn- or sorghum-soybean meal diets (14% crude protein). Control sows received 1.82 kg/d from March through November and 2.27 kg/d from December through February. Treated sows were fed an additional 1.36 kg of feed/d from d 90 of gestation to farrowing. Sows were allowed to consume the same diet ad libitum during a 21-d lactation. Additional feed in late gestation resulted in greater (P less than .001) sow weight gain from d 90 to d 110 of gestation (16.8 vs 9.0 kg) and greater (P less than .001) parturition-lactation weight loss (21.3 vs 16.4 kg). Total weight gain from breeding to 21 d of lactation favored sows that received extra feed (27.5 vs 22.7 kg; P less than .001). Sows receiving extra feed had more live pigs at farrowing (10.05 vs 9.71, P = .06) and at 21 d postpartum (8.35 vs 8.06, P = .09), and the pigs were heavier at birth (1.48 vs 1.44 kg, P = .003) and at 21 d (5.37 vs 5.20 kg, P = .006). Lactation feed intake and number of days from weaning to estrus were not affected by treatment. The results indicate that additional feed in late gestation improves reproductive performance in sows. In this study, the cost of an additional 31 kg of feed/sow was more than offset by the value of the additional sow weight gain (approximately 5 kg), the additional .3 of a pig/litter at weaning and the additional 2.6 kg of total litter weaning weight. 相似文献