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21.
Twelve Murrah buffaloes in second or third parity during early lactation (50–70 days) were selected from the Institute’s herd.
All the buffaloes were kept under loose housing system and were provided ad lib green maize fodder and water to drink during 30 days experiment during the month of August- September. The buffaloes were
divided into two groups of six each. Showering group (SG) buffaloes were kept under water showers from 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., while wallowing group (WG) buffaloes were allowed to wallow in a water pond during the same time. Physiological responses
viz. rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR) and skin temperature (ST) were recorded before (8.00 a.m.) and after (4.00 p.m.) showers or wallowing. Skin temperature at different sites i.e. trunk, forehead, udder, udder vein, and neck regions was
measured. Skin and rectal temperature of both the groups were non significant in morning but varied (P < 0.01) in the evening.
Skin temperature measured at all the sites was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in wallowing buffaloes than the showering group.
Further, skin temperature of neck, head, udder, udder vein and RT varied (P < 0.01) in SG and WG buffaloes during periods
of study. The significant changes in all the parameters of study further support the evidence on effective cooling of skin
by wallowing in comparison to water showers. The correlation data indicated a positive correlation of maximum air temperature
with RT in SG but correlation was non-significant in WG. RT was positively correlated with ST in SG (P < 0.05) and WG (P < 0.01).
The pooled data analysis of both groups also indicated a positive correlation of maximum temperature with RT (P < 0.05). The
morning respiration and pulse rate non-significantly varied in both group, however, in the evening, the respiration rate and
pulse rate was more (P < 0.01) in SG in comparison to WG. No adverse effect of wallowing or shower treatment on mastitis incidence
and general health of animals was observed. 相似文献
22.
Mahapatra M Aggarwal N Cox S Statham RJ Knowles NJ Barnett PV Paton DJ 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,126(1-3):40-50
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus exists as seven serotypes within which are numerous variants necessitating careful selection of vaccine strains. Currently, a serological assay system based on the use of polyclonal vaccine antisera is widely used for this selection. However, inherent variability in the matching antisera used makes the tests poorly reproducible and difficult to interpret. In this study, we have explored the possibility of replacing or supplementing the polyclonal antibody (PAb)-based method with one based on use of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Panels of MAbs raised against two serotype O vaccine strains were examined for reactivity with 22 field viruses, isolated over a 10-year period between 1991 and 2001. Antigenic site 2 was found to comprise more than one epitope. The sequence variation in capsid protein VP2 harbouring antigenic site 2 was analysed and the amino acid residues at positions 79 and 134 appeared to greatly influence the binding of site 2 MAbs. Prediction of antigenic match based on MAb reactivity did not correlate closely with the results of a PAb-based "gold-standard" method and it was concluded that a wider panel of MAbs are needed that recognise all protective epitopes present on the surface of FMD virus together with a better understanding of those epitopes which are important in conferring protection. 相似文献
23.
Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Alonso JM Stepanova AN Leisse TJ Kim CJ Chen H Shinn P Stevenson DK Zimmerman J Barajas P Cheuk R Gadrinab C Heller C Jeske A Koesema E Meyers CC Parker H Prednis L Ansari Y Choy N Deen H Geralt M Hazari N Hom E Karnes M Mulholland C Ndubaku R Schmidt I Guzman P Aguilar-Henonin L Schmid M Weigel D Carter DE Marchand T Risseeuw E Brogden D Zeko A Crosby WL Berry CC Ecker JR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5633):653-657
Over 225,000 independent Agrobacterium transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertion events in the genome of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been created that represent near saturation of the gene space. The precise locations were determined for more than 88,000 T-DNA insertions, which resulted in the identification of mutations in more than 21,700 of the approximately 29,454 predicted Arabidopsis genes. Genome-wide analysis of the distribution of integration events revealed the existence of a large integration site bias at both the chromosome and gene levels. Insertion mutations were identified in genes that are regulated in response to the plant hormone ethylene. 相似文献
24.
D Pennica W J Kohr W J Kuang D Glaister B B Aggarwal E Y Chen D V Goeddel 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,236(4797):83-88
The primary structure of human uromodulin, a 616-amino acid, 85-kilodalton glycoprotein with in vitro immunosuppressive properties, was determined through isolation and characterization of complementary DNA and genomic clones. The amino acid sequence encoded by one of the exons of the uromodulin gene has homology to the low-density-lipoprotein receptor and the epidermal growth factor precursor. Northern hybridization analyses demonstrate that uromodulin is synthesized by the kidney. Evidence is provided that uromodulin is identical to the previously characterized Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, the most abundant protein in normal human urine. 相似文献
25.
Aggarwal S Monga AP Perusse SR Ramesh R Ballarotto V Williams ED Chalamala BR Wei Y Reuss RH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5461):2235-2237
We report the spontaneous formation of uniformly distributed arrays of "tips" (tall conical hillocks) upon oxidation of palladium (Pd) thin films. The formation of the palladium oxide tips depended on the thickness and granularity of the Pd film and on annealing and oxidation conditions. As the Pd film thickness increased from 40 to 200 nanometers, the average height of the tips increased from 0.5 to 1.2 micrometers, their height distribution became broader, and their density decreased from 55 x 10(6) to 12 x 10(6) per square centimeter. Enhanced photoelectron emission from locations corresponding to the tips suggests their possible use in field emission applications. 相似文献
26.
Shankar G. Aggarwal Chandra K. Chandrawanshi Raj M. Patel Smita Agarwal Anand Kamavisdar Girdhar L. Mundhara 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):855-862
The results of the seasonal analysis of the chemistry of rain, fog and surface water of central India for the two years: June 1996 to May 1998 are presented. A total of 636 rain water samples, 146 fog water samples and 226 surface water samples of 8 locations: namely, Ambikapur, Baikunthpur, Korba, Bilaspur, Raipur, Bhilai, Dallirajhara and Kanker, from different sites were collected for the present study. This paper documents the occurrence of acidic rain and fog events and their effect on surface water pH and aquatic life in central India. Most of the rain and fog water samples collected from Baikunthpur and Korba sites were found to be acidic in nature (i.e. pH < 5). The volume weighted mean pH of rain and fog water samples of these sites was 4.8 and 4.4 with lowest pH 4.4 and 4.0, respectively. However, samples from Ambikapur, Bilaspur, Raipur and Bhilai were slightly acidic and their pH values were always around 5.8. One reservoir (mean pH 5.8) and two stop dams (mean pH 4.4 and 4.2) in Baikunthpur area were found to be acidic. The effect of acidification of water on metal-accumulation in muscles of fishes was studied. Concentrations of Al, Hg, Mn, Cd and Pb were higher in fish from acid, than from less acid waters. Causes of acidification of the atmospheric water and surface water are critically discussed. 相似文献
27.
Gijo Ittoop Kizhakkayil C George Nandiath K Sanil Rani Mary George Kizhakkecheruvil S Sobhana & Padmini C Nisha 《Aquaculture Research》2006,37(16):1636-1643
The haemocytes of the Indian edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis were characterized using light and electron microscopy. The light microscopic study was conducted by staining a monolayer of the haemocytes with Geimsa. Cells without granules and with a large nucleus occupying much of the cytoplasmic area were grouped as hyalinocytes. Those with lesser amounts of basophilic cytoplasmic granules were characterized as semigranulocytes and those with large amounts of a mixture of acidophilic and basophilic granules were termed as granulocytes. Ultrastructural studies also revealed the presence of three types of haemocytes. Scanning electron microscopic studies were used to study the spreading behaviour of the haemocytes. Cytochemical studies revealed the presence of acidphosphatase, peroxidase and prophenol oxidase in the cells. 相似文献
28.
The present paper describes a rational approach to minimum cost design of an integrated activated sludge process which includes activated sludge reactor, secondary clarifier and sludge recycle. The cost of anaerobic digestion of excess sludge produced is also considered. Procedures for optimal design of both single and multiple stage activated sludge processes, considering construction and operational costs are developed. Biomass concentration in aeration tank and return sludge are utilized as the primary independent design variables to which system performance is related for single stage process. In the multiple stage process, additional design variables (flow and volume fractions for each stage) are included in design vector. Liquid-biomass separation is based on the batch solids flux theory. The optimization problem is framed as minimization of capital and operating cost subject to the constraints determined by effluent quality criteria and process variables affecting the performance. The interior penalty function method is used. Results definitely favor the application of multiple stage process over single stage. The major factor which appears to be contributing to reduction in cost is the biological solids retention time and hence the aeration tank volume. 相似文献
29.
Volatilization of NH3 from soil is a major N-loss mechanism that reduces the efficiency of applied N fertilizers, and causes environmental pollution. Strategies are needed to reduce the loss. The influences of dicyandiamide (DCD), farmyard manure (FYM) and irrigation on NH3 volatilization from an alluvial soil in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system was studied using the acid trap method. The loss of NH3 in the rice-wheat system ranged from 38.6 kg N ha-1 from the unfertilized soil to 69.0 kg N ha-1 in the treatment with urea+DCD. Substitution of 50% N provided through urea by FYM reduced NH3-N volatilization by 10% in rice and wheat as compared to the urea treatment. Application of DCD increased NH3 volatilization in wheat by 7% but in rice it had no effect. The irrigation level had no effect on NH3 volatilization in rice but fewer irrigations with fewer splits of N in wheat resulted in higher NH3 volatilization. Application of DCD and FYM with urea had similar effects on grain yield and N uptake by rice and wheat as that of the urea treatment. The study showed that integrated use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer has the potential to reduce the loss of N due to volatilization and thereby minimize environmental pollution. Nitrification inhibitors, which are reported to be useful in increasing the N-use efficiency by reducing the leaching and denitrification losses of N, however, may increase N loss due to volatilization. 相似文献
30.
The study was conducted on 18 lactating Murrah buffaloes in 83.72 ± 14.75 days after calving. Group I buffaloes were not injected
with oxytocin and served as control. Buffaloes of Group II were injected with oxytocin @ 2.5 IU per 0.5 ml intramuscularly
at the hip region for a period of 1 month while Group III buffaloes received injection of oxytocin @ 5.0 IU per ml intramuscularly
at the hip region for a period of 1 month. Milk samples from three groups of buffaloes were collected after oxytocin injections
at 15 days interval on 0, 15, 30 and 45 days. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes at 0, 15, 30 and 45 days of
experiment from all three groups of buffaloes. There was no significant change in cisternal, alveolar and total milk yield
by exogenous oxytocin administration. Fat % in cisternal, alveolar and total milk decreased significantly (P < 0.01) by 11.8%
and 21.3% in groups II and III buffaloes, respectively. Protein % increased significantly (P < 0.01) in group III. A significant
increase was observed in somatic cell counts of milk by 5.36% and 6.22% in groups II and III, respectively as compared to
control group.
Part of MV. Sc. Thesis of the first author submitted to National Dairy Research Institute (Deemed University) 相似文献