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There has been a significant advancement in the application of statistical tools in plant pathology during the past four decades. These tools include multivariate analysis of disease dynamics involving principal component analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, pattern analysis, discriminant analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, correspondence analysis, canonical correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, genetic diversity analysis, and stability analysis, which involve in joint regression, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions, and genotype-by-environment interaction biplot analysis. The advanced statistical tools, such as non-parametric analysis of disease association, meta-analysis, Bayesian analysis, and decision theory, take an important place in analysis of disease dynamics. Disease forecasting methods by simulation models for plant diseases have a great potentiality in practical disease control strategies. Common mathematical tools such as monomolecular, exponential, logistic, Gompertz and linked differential equations take an important place in growth curve analysis of disease epidemics. The highly informative means of displaying a range of numerical data through construction of box and whisker plots has been suggested. The probable applications of recent advanced tools of linear and non-linear mixed models like the linear mixed model, generalized linear model, and generalized linear mixed models have been presented. The most recent technologies such as micro-array analysis, though cost effective, provide estimates of gene expressions for thousands of genes simultaneously and need attention by the molecular biologists. Some of these advanced tools can be well applied in different branches of rice research, including crop improvement, crop production, crop protection, social sciences as well as agricultural engineering. The rice research scientists should take advantage of these new opportunities adequately in adoption of the new highly potential advanced technologies while planning experimental designs, data collection, analysis and interpretation of their research data sets. 相似文献
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Community-Based Forest Enterprises in Nepal: An Analysis of Their Role in Increasing Income Benefits to the Poor 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
This paper examines the effective practices and constraints of community-based forest management enterprises (CBFEs) in Nepal
in providing income benefits to the poor. The tenure reform clarity and strengthening of tenure rights at community level
through various CBFM programs in Nepal in the last few decades has enhanced opportunities for the rural people to benefit
from forest-based enterprises. However, a key concerns as these programs have advanced over the years has been whether the
poor benefit from them given their high dependence on the forests. To examine this question, 28 CBFE from Nepal’s mid-hills
and mountain districts were selected purposively from among forest user groups (FUGs) engaged in income-generating activities,
varying in their size of membership, use of forest products and stage of growth. These CBFEs have been broadly categorised
into FUGs, networks, cooperatives and companies. The contribution from enterprises to the household economy was found to be
greatest from companies, followed by cooperatives and then networks. The effective practices of the CBFEs in increasing income
benefits were found to include representation of the poor and marginalized groups in executive committees in the FUGs-based
enterprises, targeted employment of the poorest in the collection of non-timber forest products and in processing units in
networks, and enabling the poor to own share capital in cooperatives and companies. The common constraint across all these
categories was found to be lack of adequate capital to sustain the enterprises without external support.The specific constraints
were small membership and land size among FUGs, lack of legal recognition of networks, lack of management skills and member
discipline for cooperatives, and lack of raw materials and marketing capacity for companies. The paper also discusses: the
importance of further policy support to formalize forest user groups into networks, cooperatives and private companies; value
addition to forest products; and capacity building for CBFEs, government line agencies and business services providers. 相似文献
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Bhat SU Sofi AH Yaseen T Pandit AK Yousuf AR 《Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS》2011,14(3):182-194
This study analyses a macroinvertebrate community survey for River Sindh and its tributary including Baltal, Yashmarg, Sonamarg and Thajwas Grar considering the extreme hydrological conditions linked with the seasonal low-flow period typical for some streams in this area. This study attempts to provide an overview of the macro invertebrate assemblages and physico-chemical variables of the River Sindh and its important tributary. Four study sites were selected from the River Sindh and its tributary including Baltal, Yashmarg, Sonamarg and Thajwas Grar for studying the ecological distribution of Macroinvertebrate assemblages. Totally, 33 taxa of macroinvertebrates were recorded from the two streams belonging to Mollusca-3 (Gastropoda-2 and Bivalvia-1), Annelida-1 and Arthropoda-29 (Insecta-29). Among insects Ephemeroptera (7), Trichoptera (6) and Diptera (13) dominated. Except Yashmrag all sites were found devoid of annelids while as the mollusks were found absent at Sonamarg. Highest values of Shannon Weiner Index were found at Yashmarg (2.42) and lowest at Sonamarg (1.99) while as highest and lowest Sorensen's similarity coefficient were found between Baltal/Thajwas Grar (0.68) and Yashmarg/Thajwas Grar (0.39), respectively. A perusal of the data on physico-chemical characteristics showed that these streams were hard water type with high dissolved oxygen content. The ionic composition of the stream waters revealed the predominance of bicarbonate and calcium. Insecta dominated both qualitatively as well as quantitatively and the study revealed that the substrate compositions dominated by gravel, pebble and leaf litters are primary determinants of the invertebrate community structure recording maximum species diversity and abundance. Sample locations impacted by Amarnath yatris pilgrimage comparatively reflected slightly higher increase in nutrients than Thajwas Grar almost devoid of pilgrimage effect. 相似文献
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R S Dhanotiya R K Srivastava R K Pandit 《Archiv fuer experimentelle veterinaermedizin》1989,43(1):79-80
Reported are results obtained from determination of calcium, phosphorus, protein, and cholesterol in blood serum of 10 Gir cows with uterine prolapse. Particular reference is made to possible adverse effects of hypocalcaemia in conjunction with physiological stress resulting from pregnancy and parturition. 相似文献
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Studies were conducted into 80 pregnant crossbred cows belonging in equal numbers to 1/2Friesian (F) 1/2Gir (G) and 1/2Jersey (J) 1/2G genetic groups to determine the effect of pregnancy on body weight (B.W.) and pelvic conformation of the dam. Mean B.W. started to increase in 1/2F1/2G/1/2J1/2G genetic groups from 406.08 +/- 6.16/375.45 +/- 7.73 kg on the 120th day of pregnancy and reached its maximum of 470.42 +/- 7.22/428.05 +/- 8.36 kg on the day of calving. A significant increase in weight occured in both groups between the 240th and 270th days of pregnancy. Total weight gain in both groups during pregnancy was 63.34/52.60 kg. There was a steep fall (P less than 0.01) in B.W. in both groups, within 1 month after calving. Weight became stable 60 days after calving in both groups. The cows in the 1/2F1/2G group were significantly heavier (P less than 0.01) than the 1/2J1/2G group, all the time. The mean pelvic outlet area started to increase in 1/2F1/2G/1/2J1/2G groups from 278.28 +/- 4.03/249.29 +/- 5.02 cm2 by the 120th day of pregnancy. Like B.W., the pelvic area, too, increased significantly (P less than 0.01) between the 240th and 270th days of pregnancy and dropped within 1 month post partum in both groups. Total increase in pelvic area was 49.15/39.76 cm2 in both groups, between the 120th day of pregnancy and calving. The area became stable 60 days after calving in both groups. The pelvic area in the 1/2F1/2G group was always significantly larger (P less than 0.01) than that in the 1/2J1/2G group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Community forestry has been characterized as a successful model of community-based forest governance in Nepal that shifts
forest management and use rights to local users, often socially heterogeneous in caste, gender and wealth status. This heterogeneity
forms the basis of social groups, which differ in their needs, priorities and perceptions regarding community forestry implementation
processes. This paper explores the dynamics of three community forestry processes—users’ participation, institutional development,
and decision-making and benefit-sharing—among forest user groups as perceived by three social groups of forest users—elite,
women and disadvantaged—from eight community forests of Dhading district, Nepal, using qualitative and quantitative techniques.
It is found that social groups have differing levels of perception about community forestry processes occurring in their user
groups. In particular, social elites differ from women and disadvantaged members of the group in users’ participation in community
forestry activities and institutional development of forest user groups. An important policy implication of the findings is
that social inclusiveness is central to the effective implementation of community forestry processes, not only to safeguard
its past successes but also to internalize the economic opportunities it poses through reducing deforestation and forest degradation
in the future. 相似文献
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Fodder trees are integral part of farming system in the hills of Nepal, but designed agroforestry interventions targeted to particular trees and crops are not widely available. This paper examines the joint productivity of an agroforestry practice in which Raikhanim (Ficus semicordata) is planted in a maize (Zea mays) and finger-millet (Eleusine coracana) cropping system at Keware Bhanjyang of the western mid-hills of Nepal. Raikhanim seedlings were planted in a row on terrace risers 2, 4 and 6 m apart in ordinary farming conditions, in a randomized block design with three replications. Maize and finger-millet were grown on the terraces as intercrops with a control plot without trees on risers in each replicate. Growth parameters of Raikhanim—height, diameter at 30 cm above ground (D30) and survival rate—were recorded annually in December until trees were lopped for fodder biomass, and crop yields were measured to determine tree-crop interaction effects. Tree height and D30 differed significantly between spacings until trees reached the lopping stage 3½ years after planting, with the highest growth in 4 m spacing. Tree lopping checked the height growth but the diameter growth continued to increase and differed among spacings after lopping. Fodder biomass increased with tree age and was highest under 4 m spacing (7.294 t/ha) followed by 6 m (5.256 t/ha) and 2 m (3.84 t/ha). Finger-millet yield in the experimental plots decreased with tree age due to shading effects, while maize yield was not substantially affected. Among spacings, control plots produced the highest finger-millet yield (1,624 kg/ha) while the 6 m spacing produced the highest maize yield (2,463 kg/ha). It is concluded that planting Raikhanim at 6 m intervals will produce additional fodder without significant effect on maize yield and only a moderate effect on finger-millet yield. The agroforestry practice of planting fodder trees on under-utilised terrace risers is a viable option for mid-hill farmers for simultaneous production of fodder and cereal crops while sustaining the hill farming system. 相似文献