Effects of air temperature, air movement and artificial rain on the heat production of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula): an exploratory study     

van den Oord QG  van Wijk EJ  Lugton IW  Morris RS  Holmes CW 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1995,43(7):328-332

Two groups of six mature brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpeculu) were housed in two respiration chambers, and their heat production, whole body conductance and lower critical temperatures were measured under a variety of simulated weather patterns. The possums were subjected to ambient temperatures of 30, 20 and 3 degrees C. At 20 and 3 degrees C, the animals were exposed to near still air and light winds (wind speed 0.8 and 6.7 km/h), both with, and without, simulated rain every 8 hours. The lower critical temperature in near still air lies between 7 and 10 degrees C. This temperature increases by about 2, 6 and 8 degrees C respectively for a wind velocity of 6.7 km/h, simulated rain and a combination of the two factors. Weather in New Zealand, especially in the cooler part of the year, will often produce conditions below the lower critical temperature of the thermoneutral zone of possums. This will necessitate significant increases in metabolic rate and hence food consumption or mobilisation of body fat reserves, which if not sustainable will result in the death of possums. Field studies have shown that this is often the case in the wild. It is proposed that this stress may be sufficient to decrease the resistance (especially cell-mediated immunity) of some possums and allow acceleration of the disease process in those infected with Mycobacterium bovis.  相似文献   

Detection of the K99 antigen of Escherichia coli in calf faeces by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)     

Ellens DJ  de Leeuw PW  Rozemond H 《The Veterinary quarterly》1979,1(4):169-175

Summary An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is presented for the detection of the K99 antigen of Escherichia coli in calf faeces. False-positive reactions were not observed with K99-negative strains and with several viral antigens. Only bovine coronavirus caused slight positive reactions which could be eliminated by a blocking test. As compared with the conventional procedure for the detection of the K99 antigen, ELISA seemed to be at least as sensitive and had the advantage that samples could be stored at -20° C before testing. In addition many samples could be handled at the same time and the results became available quickly. By carrying out the assay as a blocking test, specific antibody against K99 in serum or colostrum could be detected and titrated.  相似文献   

Influence of ante- and peri-mortem factors on biochemical and physical characteristics of turkey breast muscle     

van Hoof J 《The Veterinary quarterly》1979,1(1):29-36

Summary The course of post-mortem breakdown of glycogen and ATP in turkey pectoralis major muscle was markedly influenced by several ante- and peri-mortem variables. Application of a proper stunning procedure was highly effective in preventing peri- and post-mortem muscle stress reactions. The physiological level of glycogen and ATP was not significantly affected by road transportation covering 260 km. Birds which rested for 24 hrs following transportation had lower glycogen and ATP levels at the moment of slaughter than non-rested birds. According to the changes in the rate and extent of post-mortem biochemical reactions, several meat characteristics such as water-holding capacity, colour, and tenderness were significantly changed. Furthermore, the results also indicate that turkey breast muscle is susceptible to a PSE-like condition as described in pork.  相似文献   

Blood parasites of sheep in the Netherlands. I. Anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae)     

Uilenberg G  van Vorstenbosch CJ  Perié NM 《The Veterinary quarterly》1979,1(1):14-22

Summary On two occasions an anaplasm was isolated from sheep on the Dutch island of Ameland. The organism proved to be highly pathogenic for splenectomised sheep; a non-splenectomised animal recovered spontaneously after the packed cell volume had decreased by 40%. Treatment with oxytetracycline was effective. Its pathogenicity for goats appeared to be low, and the organism was apparently not infective to splenectomised cattle. This anaplasm differs from Anaplasma ovis in that less than 30% of the organisms are marginally situated in the red cell, as against over 70% in A. ovis; cross-immunity with A. ovis was incomplete and the latter appeared to be far more pathogenic to goats than the Dutch anaplasm, for which the name Anaplasma mesaeterum sp.n. is proposed. Its ultrastructure is similar to that of A. marginale and A. ovis. The vector is either Ixodes ricinus or Haemaphysalis punctata. Its practical importance remains to be ascertained.  相似文献   

Veterinary experiences as a Japanese prisoner of war and ex-POW along the Burma railroad from 1942 to January 1946     

van der Schaaf A 《The Veterinary quarterly》1979,1(4):212-228

Summary As a prisoner of war the writer was working for nearly three years in different POW camps, and outside them, along the Burma railway from Thanbyuyzat in southern Burma up to Kanchanabury in Thailand. In the army of the Netherlands-Indian archipelago (KNIL) he had the military rank of reserve horse-doctor. In civilian life he was attached to the Veterinary Institute in Buitenzorg (now Bogor) as a veterinary bacteriologist. His task as a POW became that of meathygienist and supervisor of the living animals in the camps. In this function he diagnosed swine fever in growing pigs which had mainly been fed on the offal of the Japanese kitchen. The acute course and the pathological alterations observed during the post-mortem examinations were identical with those of the Southern-African type of the disease. In slaughter cattle the author diagnosed some cases of lung tuberculosis, one of anthrax, several of rinderpest, some of rhinal granulomatosis and one of foot and mouth disease. In chickens he found NCD (pseudo-fowlpest) and in ducklings a mortal disease which the author then called 'keeling disease' but which he many years later, recognized as virus hepatitis. As assistant bacteriologist and ex-POW he joined the British regimental hospital in Bangkok. Here he had the opportunity to assist the bacteriologist pathologist, Maj. C. R. Peck IMS / IAMC in diagnosing the first case of melioidosis in an ex-POW of the KNIL who died from the sub-acute infection, notwithstanding treatment in the hospital with sulfa-drugs and penicillin.  相似文献   

Prevalence of antibodies to equine viruses in the Netherlands     

de Boer GF  Osterhaus AD  van Oirschot JT  Wemmenhove R 《The Veterinary quarterly》1979,1(2):65-74

Summary The prevalence of antibodies to various viruses was investigated in a series of serum samples collected from horses in the Netherlands between 1963 and 1966 and from 1972 onwards. Neutralizing antibodies to equine rhinopneumonitis virus, equine arteritis virus and to equine rhinovirus types 1 and 2 were detected in respectively 76%, 14%, 66% and 59% of the equine serum samples tested. The observed incidence of serum samples positive to equine adenovirus in the complement fixation test was 39%. Precipitating antibodies to equine infectious anaemia virus were detected only in serum samples from two horses imported from abroad. Haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to Myxovirus influenzae A / equi-1, M. Influenzae A / equi-2, and Reovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were present in respectively 82%, 50%, 10%, 33% and 3.6% of the serum samples tested. The most frequently observed incidence of antibodies to the various equine respiratory viruses occurred in the groups of horses having repeatedly contact with other horses.  相似文献   

Host parasite relationships in Trypanosoma (duttonella) vivax with special reference to the influence of antigenic variation     

de Gee AL 《The Veterinary quarterly》1982,4(1):32-35

A mouse model system was used to study various aspects of host and parasite relationships in Trypanosoma vivax infections. These included the phenomenon of antigenic variation, the variable parasite antigens responsible for this phenomenon, parasite-host adaption, host immune responses and the role of genes in the major histocompatibility complex in the control of infection. While the mouse model system has allowed investigation of these aspects of host parasite relationships, it is clear that the system is much more limited than those generally used in T. brucei spp and T. congolense infections. This is indicated by the discovery that not all VATs of T. vivax were equally infective for mice, though in some cases infectivity could be improved by bovine serum supplementation and/or immunosuppression of the mouse host. In the case of rats, infection was even restricted to a smaller number of the VATs studied. It was, however, possible to biochemically characterize the variable surface antigen carried by T. vivax and show its similarity to those carried by T. brucei and T. congolense. The H-2 complex was found not to influence acquired resistance of inbred strains. Cyclic transmissions of T. vivax infections to goats combined with chemotherapy were carried out in an attempt to induce protection to subsequent infection as has been shown in T. brucei and T. congolense infections. Such protection could, however, not be obtained, The failure of the metacyclic VATs to induce immunity, was perhaps due to rapid decrease in antibody titres to bloodstream VATs found after treatment and prior to rechallenge. The usefulness of the mouse model system in elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the non-H-2 linked differences in susceptibility to T. vivax infections should be further explored and its relevance to mechanisms of trypanotolerance in domestic ruminants defined.  相似文献   

Effect of Tomanol on the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of penicillin G in dairy cows     

Hekman P  Nouws JF  van Ginneken CA 《The Veterinary quarterly》1982,4(1):12-18

Following concomitant intravenous administration of Tomanol and sodium penicillin G to six Dutch Friesian dairy cows a significant decrease in total body clearance of penicillin (34.7%) and a prolongation of the elimination half-life of penicillin (17.2%) was observed. Tomanol did not affect other pharmacokinetic parameters such as rate constants of drug transfer (k12/k21, alpha en beta), distribution volume of the central compartment (V1), and extrapolated serum drug levels. Intravenous or intramuscular administration of Tomanol had no effect on the tissue distribution of penicillin G, because neither a change in the ratios of muscle to serum and of kidney cortex to serum nor a change in an induced steady state level of low penicilline G serum concentrations was observed. From the data obtained it is concluded that concomitant Tomanol administration with penicillin induces an elevation of the serum penicillin concentration and prolongs the persistence of penicillin residues in carcass meat and organs.  相似文献   

Induction of acquired cellular resistance in mice with viable and macrophage-processed Listeria monocytogenes     

van der Meer C  Hofhuis FM  Willers JM 《The Veterinary quarterly》1982,4(1):5-11

Intracutaneous immunization of mice with 10(5) or 10(6) viable listeria resulted in acquired cellular resistance (ACR) of short duration (7 days). The period during which viable Listeria monocytogenes had to be present in order to induce ACR was estimated by killing the listeria at different times after immunization by injecting the bactericidal antibiotic amoxycillin. The killing of listeria within 6 h after injection prevented the induction of A CR completely, between 6 and 12 h partially, while survival of listeria within animals for at least 18 h was required for the induction of complete protection. To determine whether multiplication of viable listeria was a prerequisite for the induction of ACR, the bacteriostatic antibiotic minocycline was injected for four days after immunization. Induction of ACR was only possible if the dose of viable listeria was large enough to permit a proportion of the listeria to escape bacteriostasis. Interaction of peritoneal macrophages of normal mice and viable listeria yielded a supernatant which induced specific ACR in normal recipient mice. No ACR could be induced with supernatant obtained from normal macrophages after digestion of killed listeria. A reduced level of ACR was obtained with supernatant collected after interaction of macrophages from immune mice and viable listeria. The immunogenic material present in the supernatant of normal macrophages after interaction with viable listeria is thermolabile, has a molecular weight of over 300,000, and is not affected by treatment with DNase, RNase, or trypsin.  相似文献   

Transport media for Campylobacter fetus venerealis     

de Lisle GW  Stephens DJ  Bird MM 《New Zealand veterinary journal》1982,30(3):31-32

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