Static-dynamic superheated liquid extraction of hydroxytyrosol and other biophenols from alperujo (a semisolid residue of the olive oil industry)     

Japón-Luján R  Luque de Castro MD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(9):3629-3634

Hydroxytyrosol and other olive biophenols (OBPs) such as tyrosol, verbascoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, and alpha-taxifolin have been extracted from alperujo by using static-dynamic superheated liquids. Multivariate methodology has been used to carry out a detailed optimization of the extraction. Under the optimal working conditions no further extraction of the target analytes was achieved after 27 min (up to 2800 and 1500 mg/kg of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol, respectively), so complete removal of them within this interval was assumed. The extract was injected into a chromatograph-photodiode array detector assembly for individual separation-quantification. The efficacy of ethanol/water mixtures to extract OBPs from alperujo has been demonstrated and compared with that of a conventional stirring-based method. These less toxic extractant mixtures are of interest with a view to future human uses of OBPs.  相似文献   

Penicillium digitatum Suppresses Production of Hydrogen Peroxide in Host Tissue During Infection of Citrus Fruit     

Macarisin D  Cohen L  Eick A  Rafael G  Belausov E  Wisniewski M  Droby S 《Phytopathology》2007,97(11):1491-1500

ABSTRACT During the infection of citrus fruit by Penicillium digitatum there is little evidence of a host defense response. This suggests that P. digitatum has the ability to suppress host defenses. The current study demonstrates that P. digitatum suppresses a defense-related hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) burst in host tissue. In contrast, the nonhost pathogen, Penicillium expansum, triggers production of a significant amount of H(2)O(2) in citrus fruit exocarp. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that P. digitatum suppressed an elevation in H(2)O(2) up to 42 h after inoculation. Nevertheless, H(2)O(2) levels around wounds inoculated with P. expansum increased by 63-fold above the control. P. digitatum continued to suppress H(2)O(2) production in citrus fruit exocarp up to 66 h postinoculation and H(2)O(2) levels were actually threefold below that of noninoculated controls. In contrast, the H(2)O(2) level was still about 11-fold above the control value in wound sites inoculated with P. expansum. Studies on the effect of organic acids (as pH modulators) on the response of citrus fruit to compatible and noncompatible pathogens indicated that pathogenicity was enhanced only when host-tissue acidification was accompanied by the suppression of H(2)O(2). Additionally, pathogenicity of both P. digitatum and P. expansum on citrus fruit was significantly enhanced by the H(2)O(2)-scavenging enzyme catalase. Based on our study and previous reports regarding the potential involvement of citric acid and catalase in green mold pathogenesis, we suggest that these compounds are strongly associated with the virulence of P. digitatum.  相似文献   

Nitrogen loading of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings: nutritional dynamics and influence on morphology and root growth potential     

Acevedo  Manuel  Rubilar  Rafael  Dumroese  R. Kasten  Ovalle  Juan F.  Sandoval  Simón  Chassin-Trubert  Rodrigo 《New Forests》2021,52(1):31-46

New Forests - Achieving successful outplanting of trees on increasingly harsher sites is a global concern. In Chile, for example, new Eucalyptus globulus plantations are being targeted to poorer,...  相似文献   

Correction to: Silvicultural prescriptions for mixed-species forest stands. A European review and perspective     

Pretzsch  Hans  Poschenrieder  Werner  Uhl  Enno  Brazaitis  Gediminas  Makrickiene  Ekaterina  Calama  Rafael 《European Journal of Forest Research》2021,140(5):1295-1296

European Journal of Forest Research -  相似文献   

‘Climatic factors control rodent seed predation in Pinus pinea L. stands in Central Spain’     

Rubén Manso  Marta Pardos  Rafael Calama 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(8):873-883

? Context

Pinus pinea L. presents serious problems of natural regeneration in managed forest of Central Spain. The species exhibits specific traits linked to frugivore activity. Therefore, information on plant–animal interactions may be crucial to understand regeneration failure.

? Aims

Determining the spatio-temporal pattern of P. pinea seed predation by Apodemus sylvaticus L. and the factors involved. Exploring the importance of A. sylvaticus L. as a disperser of P. pinea. Identifying other frugivores and their seasonal patterns.

? Methods

An intensive 24-month seed predation trial was carried out. The probability of seeds escaping predation was modelled through a zero-inflated binomial mixed model. Experiments on seed dispersal by A. sylvaticus were conducted. Cameras were set up to identify other potential frugivores.

? Results

Decreasing rodent population in summer and masting enhances seed survival. Seeds were exploited more rapidly nearby parent trees and shelters. A. sylvaticus dispersal activity was found to be scarce. Corvids marginally preyed upon P. pinea seeds.

? Conclusions

Survival of P. pinea seeds is climate-controlled through the timing of the dry period together with masting occurrence. Should germination not take place during the survival period, establishment may be limited. A. sylvaticus-mediated dispersal does not modify the seed shadow. Seasonality of corvid activity points to a role of corvids in dispersal.  相似文献   

The effects of long-day photoperiod on growth, body composition and skin colour in immature gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)     

Rafael Ginés  Juan Manuel Afonso  Anastasio Argüello  María Jesús Zamorano  & Juan Luis López 《Aquaculture Research》2004,35(13):1207-1212

Immature gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) with a mean initial weight of 25.6 g were reared over 11 months to market size under different photoperiods: 16L:8D; 24L:0D and a control. Differences in final mean weight were significant between the three treatments (P<0.001): 16L:8D, 465.0 g; 24L:0D, 445.9 g; control, 402.6 g. Fish from the 24L:0D consumed most while 16L:8D fish converted it most efficiently. The lipid content of fillets was lower (P<0.05) for the 24L:0D (5.37±0.16 g 100 g^?1 of fillet) than for the control (6.02±0.12 g), and the moisture content lower for the control than for either treatment groups. Skin luminosity (L^*) was directly related to the number of hours of light exposure.  相似文献   

Evaluation of analgesic and physiologic effects of epidural morphine administered at a thoracic or lumbar level in dogs undergoing thoracotomy     

Adriano B Carregaro  Gabrielle C Freitas  Carlize Lopes  Rafael Lukarsewski  Fernanda S Tamiozzo  Rogério R Santos 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(2):205-211

ObjectiveTo evaluate the analgesic and physiological effects of epidural morphine administered at the sixth and seventh lumbar or the fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae in dogs undergoing thoracotomy.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded trial.AnimalsFourteen mixed-breed dogs, weighing 8.6 ± 1.4 kg.MethodsThe animals received acepromazine (0.1 mg kg^?1) IM and anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg kg^?1) IV. The lumbosacral space was punctured and an epidural catheter was inserted up to the region between the sixth and seventh lumbar vertebrae (L, n = 6) or up to the fifth or sixth intercostal space (T, n = 8). The dogs were allowed to recover and after radiographic confirmation of correct catheter position, anesthesia was reinduced with propofol IV and maintained with 1.7% isoflurane. Following stabilization of monitored parameters, animals received morphine (0.1 mg kg^?1) diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a final volume of 0.25 mL kg^?1 via the epidural catheter, and after 40 minutes, thoracotomy was initiated. Heart rate and rhythm, systolic, mean and diastolic arterial pressures, respiratory rate, arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation, partial pressure of expired CO₂ and body temperature were measured immediately before the epidural administration of morphine (0 minute) and every 10 minutes during the anesthetic period. The Melbourne pain scale and the visual analog scale were used to assess post-operative pain. The evaluation began 3 hours after the epidural administration of morphine and occurred each hour until rescue analgesia.ResultsThere were no important variations in the physiological parameters during the anesthetic period. The post-operative analgesic period differed between the groups, being longer in T (9.9 ± 1.6 hours) compared with L (5.8 ± 0.8 hours).ConclusionsThe use of morphine, at a volume of 0.25 mL kg^?1, administered epidurally over the thoracic vertebrae provided longer lasting analgesia than when deposited over the lumbar vertebrae.Clinical relevanceThe deposition of epidural morphine provided longer lasting analgesia when administered near to the innervation of the injured tissue without increasing side effects.  相似文献   

A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid–base imbalances in hypoalbuminemic dogs     

Carlos Torrente DVM  MSc  PhD  Edgar G. Manzanilla DVM  PhD  DECPHM  MPVM  Rafael Ruiz de Gopegui DVM  PhD  DECVIM 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2014,24(5):509-518

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Studies on the feeding of Tilapia nilotica in floating cages     

Rafael D. Guerrero 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1980,20(3):169-175

Five studies on the feeding of Tilapia nilotica in floating cages were conducted. Stocking densities of 100 to 200 fish per m³ were used. Only commercially available ingredients were used in the feed.Results of the studies showed that diets containing fish meal, fine rice bran and copra meal had significantly better feed conversion ratios than diets with ipil-ipil leaf meal. Diets with 25% fish meal and 10% copra meal were found to be efficient and economical for T. nilotica.Chicken grower mash enriched with fish meal did not significantly differ from a diet consisting of 25% fish meal and 75% fine rice bran. Fish given moist pellets had significantly higher production than fish fed with dry pellets.  相似文献   

Interacting effects of diet and environmental temperature on biochemical parameters in the liver ofLeuciscus idus melanotus (Cyprinidae: Teleostei)     

Johannes Rafael  Thomas Braunbeck 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1988,5(1):9-19

One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNADNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.  相似文献