Turning back the tide of American mink invasion at an unprecedented scale through community participation and adaptive management     

Rosalind Bryce  Matthew K. Oliver  Llinos Davies  Helen Gray  Jamie Urquhart  Xavier Lambin 《Biological conservation》2011,(1):575-583

Successful eradications of harmful invasive species have been mostly confined to islands while control programs in mainland areas remain small, uncoordinated and vulnerable to recolonisation. To allow the recovery of threatened native species, innovative management strategies are required to remove invasives from large areas. We took an adaptive approach to achieve large scale eradication of invasive American mink in North East Scotland. The project was centred on the Cairngorms National Park (Scotland), with the primary aim of protecting endangered water vole populations. The project was initiated by scientists and supported and implemented through a partnership comprising a government agency, national park authority and local fisheries boards. Capitalising on the convergent interests of a diverse range of local stakeholders, we created a coordinated coalition of trained volunteers to detect and trap mink. Starting in montane headwaters, we systematically moved down river catchments, deploying mink rafts, an effective detection and trapping platform. Volunteers took increasing responsibility for raft monitoring and mink trapping as the project progressed. Within 3 years, the project removed 376 mink from 10570 km² with the involvement of 186 volunteers. Capture rate within sub-catchments increased with greater connectivity to mink in other sub-catchments and with proximity to the coast where there is more productive habitat. The main factor underpinning the success of this project was functional volunteer participation. The project is a reason for optimism that the tide of invasion can be rolled back on a large scale where the convergent interest of local communities can be harnessed.  相似文献   

Determination of angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity in equine blood: lack of agreement between methods of analysis     

Maria Fernanda de M. Costa  Adriana K. Carmona  Marcio F. M. Alves  Timothy M. Ryan  Helen M. Davies  Garry A. Anderson  Ron F. Slocombe 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2011,12(1):21-25

Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a key regulator of blood pressure, electrolytes and fluid homeostasis through conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Recently, a genetic polymorphism of the ACE gene, which accounts for 47% of the variation of ACE activity in blood, has been advocated as a biomarker of athletic aptitude. Different methods of analysis and determination of ACE activity in plasma have been used in human and equine research without a consensus of a "gold standard" method. Different methods have often been used interchangeably or cited as being comparable in the existing literature; however, the actual agreement between assays has not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the level of agreement between three different assays using equine plasma obtained from 29 horses. Two spectrophotometric assays using Furylacryloyl-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine as substrate and one fluorimetric assay utilizing o-aminobenzoic acid-FRK-(Dnp)P-OH were employed. The results revealed that the measurements from the different assays were not in agreement, indicating that the methods should not be used interchangeably for measurement of equine ACE activity. Rather, a single method of analysis should be adopted to achieve comparable results and critical appraisal of the literature is needed when attempting to compare results obtained from different assays.  相似文献   

Middle ear effusions in dogs: an incidental finding?     

Volk HA  Davies ES 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2011,188(3):256-257

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Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Nitrogen Leaching and Acidity across Four Acid-impacted Regions of the UK     

R. C. Helliwell  J. J. L. Davies  C. D. Evans  A. Jenkins  M. C. Coull  B. Reynolds  D. Norris  R. C. Ferrier 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,185(1-4):3-19

This study examines the seasonal variability in levels of nitrogen (N) leaching and acidity in four acid impacted upland regions of the UK: the South Pennines, Snowdonia, Galloway and the Mourne Mountains. All regions are acidified, with median pH values of <5.5. The South Pennines exhibit excess sulphate concentrations an order of magnitude higher than those for other regions and have the lowest pH values of all the regions. Nitrate concentrations are highest in the South Pennines (seasonal medians 20–26 μeq l^?1) and the Mourne Mountains (seasonal medians 9–26 μeq l^?1). Surface water in the Mourne Mountains is the most highly N impacted in terms of the proportional contribution of N to acidity. All N species exhibit seasonality, with greater retention by catchment soils and vegetation in August. This seasonality is most marked in Snowdonia and least marked in the South Pennines. This implies that the South Pennines have reached an advanced stage of N saturation. Despite the reductions in S deposition, xSO₄ is the dominant anion for all sites in the South Pennine and Snowdonia regions. A strong negative relationship between the contribution of NO₃ to total acidity and DON was observed for all regions except the South Pennines. It is hypothesized that catchments dominated by organic rich soils produced more DON and have an increased capacity to immobilise NO₃. Seasonal nitrogen budgets show that over 60% of the N inputs are retained within catchments, and no site retains all incoming N throughout the year.  相似文献   

Creaming in black tea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jöbstl E  Fairclough JP  Davies AP  Williamson MP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(20):7997-8002

Tea cream is the precipitate formed as tea cools. Its formation has been studied by X-ray scattering, and it is shown that a higher tea concentration leads to earlier onset of creaming and larger particles and that addition of theaflavin and calcium promotes creaming. Association constants between the major components of black tea have been obtained using NMR and show that calcium and glucose enhance the self-association of caffeine, polyphenols, and theaflavin but have little effect on hetero-association. Glycosylation of a polyphenol reduced self-association and reduced binding to caffeine. We conclude that theaflavin is important for the initiation of creaming, forming nanoclusters of typically 3 nm diameter, whereas caffeine acts more to fill in the gaps within the clusters and thus adds to the bulk of tea cream without being necessary for its initiation. Tea creaming may be reduced by increasing the solubility of the polyphenols (i.e., by glycosylation) or by removing calcium. Tea cream; theaflavin; caffeine; small-angle X-ray scattering; NMR; colloid.  相似文献   

Biomonitoring of atmospheric mercury in the vicinity of Kilauea,Hawaii     

Frances Davies  Geoff Notcutt 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1996,86(1-4):275-281

The release of mercury from volcanic eruptions on the Island of Hawaii has been well documented, but the dispersion characteristics have not previously been studied in detail. Samples of lichens were collected from around the island, and subsequent analysis showed levels ranging from < 8 to 59 µg Hg g^-1. The distribution of the accumulation of mercury clearly shows that there is a major input from the active eruption sites, but that this is significantly modified by variations in wind patterns. Superimposed on this regional distribution are two localised sites where the mercury accumulation is exceptionally high; this is attributed to the release of steam from the circulation of shallow ground waters.  相似文献   

世界猪病的发展与演变(续)     

冯汉利  吴斌 《养殖与饲料．饲料世界》2003,(2):43-45

7 病原-宿主关系的改变以及宿主内的疾病过程 如上所述,改变宿主和疾病病原之间的关系可能会使病原自身发生变化,或者会引起宿主之间的疾病过程变化以及传染原在宿主间的传播变化。 通常来说,当宿主很少暴露给特定病原时,由于缺少先天性抵抗力(由遗传决定)和未经免疫的宿主,从而使最严重的疾病症状得以发生,易感年龄间变化最小。宿主先天性抵抗力可能受到一定程度的自然因素或人为的管理因素作用,尤其是在最严重或最麻烦的疾病方  相似文献   

Micropropagation of Cryptanthus with leaf explants with attached intercalary meristems excised from greenhouse stock plants     

Yong Cheong Koh  Fred T. Davies Jr. 《Scientia Horticulturae》1997,70(4):301-307

By using the leaves with attached intercalary meristems from greenhouse grown stock plants, five cultivars of Cryptanthus were cultured on modified MS media with 4.5 μM NAA and IBA and 3 μM BA to induce adventitious shoot formation from callus tissue. Contamination was 17–21% for explants taken from stock plants which were sprayed weekly with Agribrom and 27–75% for those taken from stock plants which were not treated. More than 99% true to type plantlets were obtained from non-chimeric plants. Green and albino plantlets were obtained from chimeric plants. The chimeric C. ‘Coster's Favorite’ DeCoster also produced a few chimeric plantlets with intermarginal pink stripes in addition to the green and albino plantlets. Most of the non-chimeric plants took a shorter time to produce plantlets of transplantable size (8–12 mm) than the chimeric ones. Except for albino plantlets, survival rate of plantlets exceeded 95%. A minimum average of 500 rooted plantlets can be obtained in a year from a single well-callused leaf explant. The protocol in this report should speed up the mass production and introduction of desirable new cultivars and hybrids of non-chimeric Cryptanthus.  相似文献   

Outer membrane protein profiles of Yersinia ruckeri   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

R L Davies 《Veterinary microbiology》1991,26(1-2):125-140

The outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles of 135 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri, obtained from nine European countries (100 isolates), North America (23 isolates), Australia (six isolates) and South Africa (two isolates), and including four reference strains, were examined by SDS-PAGE. Outer membranes were isolated by selective solubilisation of the cytoplasmic membrane with 0.5% (w/v) sodium N-lauroyl sarcosinate (Sarkosyl). Outer membrane proteins were stable after in vitro passage and there was no variation in OMP profiles due to colony selection. With the exception of a 39.5 kDa peptidoglycan-associated protein there was also no variation at different stages of the growth cycle. The 39.5 kDa protein was not produced during logarithmic growth phase but increased in abundance as the stationary phase progressed. Interstrain variation occurred in the possession of a 36.5 or 38 kDa heat-modifiable protein and in the possession of peptidoglycan-associated proteins in the molecular weight range 36.5 to 40.5 kDa. Based on variation of these proteins five OMP-types, designated OMP-types 1-5, were identified among the 135 isolates examined. Outer membrane protein analysis was demonstrated to be useful in epidemiological studies of Y. ruckeri.  相似文献   

Strain variation in Dermatophilus congolensis demonstrated by cross-protection studies     

T M Ellis  S S Sutherland  G Davies 《Veterinary microbiology》1991,28(4):377-383

Cross-protection studies were conducted with vaccines prepared from two isolates of Dermatophilus congolensis (designated strain 1 and strain 2). The vaccines were prepared as either heat-inactivated, washed, formalized filamentous phase bacterium, mixed with alum as an adjuvant, and inoculated intramuscularly (type A vaccine) or sedimented live filaments inoculated intradermally (type B vaccine). The vaccinated sheep were challenged with D. congolensis zoospores of one or other strain. Challenge sites were observed for the presence and severity of lesions. Serum antibody levels to D. congolensis were monitored after vaccination and challenge. Type A and B vaccines from both strains produced some reduction in the severity of lesions when sheep were challenged with strain 1 but not with strain 2. Unvaccinated control sheep developed more severe and persistent lesions when challenged with strain 2 than controls challenged with strain 1. Serum antibody levels to the type B vaccine prepared from strain 1 were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than antibody levels to type B vaccine from strain 2. These findings showed there was significant variation in virulence and antigenicity between these two isolates of D. congolensis.  相似文献