Herbicide 2,4-D: A Review of Toxicity on Non-Target Organisms     

Ana Claudia de Castro Marcato  Cleiton Pereira de Souza  Carmem Silvia Fontanetti 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(3):120

The intensive use of pesticides has increased exponentially in Brazil and worldwide due to the need to meet the food demands of a growing population. If the management/monitoring of the use of pesticides is adequately performed, it would not compromise the expected benefits or have negative effects on the environment as a whole. In order to examine the information available on herbicide use in Brazil and worldwide, this paper presents a review of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its chemical properties, action on target organisms, environmental fate, and toxicity to non-target organisms. This herbicide is a synthetic auxin used to control broad-leaved weeds, and the action in target organisms is well known. Although 2,4-D has been widely used worldwide, many studies have shown that this herbicide induces alterations in non-target organisms. Therefore, ecotoxicology studies are important to assess the risk the herbicides can be to different ecosystems. Thus, it is advised to use this herbicide and other pesticides with caution.  相似文献   

Kinetic Approach to Nixtamalization of Corn Pericarp     

Ricardo Martínez  Silvia Mendoza  Edilso Reguera  Pedro Ortiz  Jos de la Luz Martínez 《Cereal Chemistry》2001,78(2):107-110

The nixtamalization of the pericarp isolated from grains of corn was studied with 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40% Ca(OH)₂ based upon the mass of the pericarp. For 2 and 5% Ca(OH)₂ a small loss of the mass of the pericarp takes place quickly which is accompanied by an abrupt fall of the concentration of the OH^‐ ions. A suitable kinetic model for the decrease of the mass of the pericarp is a two phases exponential equation. The second phase is the slowest and it depends on the quantity of Ca(OH)₂ employed.  相似文献   

Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides in early weaning diets on growth,survival, fatty acid composition and gut morphology of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata,L.) larvae          下载免费PDF全文

Kamil Mert Eryalçin  Silvia Torrecillas  Maria Jose Caballero  Carmen Maria Hernandez‐Cruz  John Sweetman  Marisol Izquierdo 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(9):5041-5052

Early weaning of marine fish larvae with dry diets delays gut maturation and reduces growth rates. In juvenile and adult forms of several marine fish species, inclusion of dietary mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) improves gut integrity and functionality, but the effects of MOS inclusion in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) larval diets have not been addressed yet. Thus, this study assesses the effects of dietary MOS inclusion on survival, growth performance, gut morphology, feed acceptance and quality of gilthead sea bream larvae. For that purpose, 16 days post‐hatched gilthead sea bream larvae were fed four graded levels of MOS (Biomos^®, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY, USA) in weaning diets as follows: 0 g kg^?1 MOS, 0.5 g kg^?1 MOS, 1.5 g kg^?1 MOS and 2 g kg^?1MOS. Dietary MOS did not affect feed acceptance in gilthead sea bream larvae (P > 0.05). MOS supplementation was correlated in a dose‐dependent way with higher larval survival (P = 0.026). After 15 days of feeding, dietary MOS increased whole larvae (P < 0.01) arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Gilthead sea bream larvae fed 2 g kg^?1 MOS presented higher gut occupation with goblet cells after feeding compared with larvae fed the other dietary treatments. Overall, the results suggest that inclusion of MOS in early weaning diets for gilthead sea bream improves essential fatty acid utilization and may promote growth and final survival.  相似文献   

Salt stress alters the morphoanatomy and primary and secondary metabolites of the leaves and rhizomes of Curcuma longa L.     

Bonacina  Cristine  Nascimento  Andressa Bezerra  Barbosa  Letícia Neris  de Souza  Silvia Graciele Hülse  Magalhães  Hélida Mara 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2023,26(2):215-226

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - During cultivation, environmental factors can cause changes in the metabolism of Curcuma longa L. that limit its development. This study evaluated the...  相似文献   

An integrated approach for cetacean knowledge and conservation in the central Mediterranean Sea using research and social media data sources     

Daniela Silvia Pace  Giancarlo Giacomini  Ilaria Campana  Miriam Paraboschi  Giuliana Pellegrino  Margherita Silvestri  Jessica Alessi  Dario Angeletti  Valentina Cafaro  Gianni Pavan  Giandomenico Ardizzone  Antonella Arcangeli 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(8):1302-1323

Perception of a cetacean mass stranding in Italy: the emergence of compassion     

Giovanni Bearzi  Nino Pierantonio  Silvia Bonizzoni  Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara  Massimo Demma 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2010,20(6):644-654

• 1 The view that whales are malicious monsters has been pervasive throughout history. Conversely, the idea that these animals experience suffering has emerged only recently. One way of investigating perceptual, as well as behavioural, shifts is assessing general public reactions to mortality events involving wild, rare and charismatic animals.
• 2 Here, the responses of 118 individuals to questions regarding the mass stranding of seven sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) along the Adriatic Sea coast of Italy in December 2009 are reported through interviews taken at the stranding site and in the direct proximity of the dead animals.
• 3 When asked why the whales were stranded, 44.1% of the respondents suggested anthropogenic causes and 21.2% non‐anthropogenic. The remaining 34.7% mentioned a generic ‘disorientation’ or stated they did not know. When asked how they felt about the whales, 68.6% expressed feelings of compassion or care towards the animals. Clearly non‐compassionate attitudes accounted for only 4.1% of the sample. Finally, 21.2% expressed feelings that were ambiguous in terms of being suggestive of compassionate or non‐compassionate attitudes, including 11.9% amazement, 4.2% deprecation and 5.1% powerlessness.
• 4 These results are in stark contrast with information obtained from accounts of similar events that have occurred in historical times, up until the first half of the 20th century. For centuries, responses to cetacean live strandings—typically including killing and harming of the animals—were either utilitarian or characterized by feelings including fear and a desire to ‘subjugate the beast’, with no apparent concern for their suffering and death.
• 5 It is concluded that attitudes towards whales—today strikingly revolving around sadness, compassion and a sense of loss—have changed dramatically over time, with a steep turnaround in the 1970/1980s. Full appreciation of the ongoing evolution in public perception can channel marine conservation efforts and assist in the design of response strategies to marine mammal strandings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Bottlenose dolphins share fish farm areas while maintaining sexual segregation: Investigating group memberships through spatially and temporally explicit parameters     

Silvia Bonizzoni  Tilen Genov  Giovanni Bearzi 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2023,33(1):70-88

1. Group membership is a key attribute of animal societies and central to the study of social structure in several taxa. However, social structure analyses are sensitive to the way data are collected and associations defined.
2. In this study, a time–space method was used to investigate the social structure of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus observed and photographed across 7 years in the semi-enclosed Gulf of Corinth, Greece. Instead of adopting traditional group definitions, individuals were considered as being members of the same group if photographed within a specific time and space window. This approach can be applied post hoc across studies and can offer advantages under challenging sampling conditions (e.g. when dealing with groups spread over vast areas or when group membership is otherwise hard to assess).
3. Dolphins were mostly found around coastal cage aquaculture facilities farming European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and gilthead seabream Sparus aurata.
4. Dolphins formed clusters largely or entirely composed of individuals of the same sex, suggestive of sex-based homophily. Habitat partitioning was not detected: there was substantial spatial overlap among dolphin clusters, with all individuals using a relatively small area in the northern portion of the Gulf, where most of the productive fish farms were located. Associations between females were stronger than those between males, and daughters tended to stay in the group of their mothers.
5. Sex-based social clustering may allow females and calves to limit interactions with potentially aggressive males, while individuals of both sexes benefit from prey concentrated around fish farms.
6. Adaptation to foraging around farms can result in trade-offs between the costs and benefits of nourishment and social interaction. This may have both positive or negative effects on the animals that should be considered in the context of ensuring their favourable conservation status.

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