A three year herd health and management program on thirty Dutch dairy farms. IV. Special aspects     

J Sol  J A Renkema  A Brand 《The Veterinary quarterly》1984,6(3):163-169

The ultimate objective of a herd health and management program must be optimal farm net profit. Maximal profit can be expected by carrying out a program based on a whole farm approach. A simple and well-ordered registration system is one of the most important aspects for the success of a program. Experiences with the different registration systems of the program are discussed. In the future it is desirable to process the registered data by computer. The farmer should know the possibilities of the program in advance and must be motivated to carry out advice. When giving advice veterinarians have to take into account the specific circumstances on each farm and the objectives of the farmer. The veterinarian also has to be well-informed about the factors which influence the farm net profit and to this end cooperation with other experts is necessary. In this trial close cooperation between the veterinarian and agricultural adviser were seen as a very positive feature of the program. The program must be carried out at regular times in a fixed sequence, which covers complete herd health and farm management. The frequency of farm visits depends on the problems, farm size and the season. On average one visit per month will be sufficient for farms up to 100 dairy cows. Cooperation between farmer and veterinarian is one of the essential aspects. Frequent evaluation is very stimulating. The benefits of a herd health and management program were found to be substantial in this trial. Therefore the costs of the program can be considered by the farmer to be a sound investment.  相似文献   

Anabolic implant and frame size effects on growth regulation, nutrient repartitioning and energetic efficiency of feedlot steers     

J C Solís  F M Byers  G T Schelling  L W Greene 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(10):2792-2801

Rates of growth and partitioning of nutrients among tissues were measured in large (Simmental x [Hereford x Brahman]; n = 34) and very large (Chianina x Angus and Maine Anjou x Angus; n = 37) steers implanted with different anabolic growth regulators. All cattle were fed individually a whole shelled corn (13% crude protein) diet. Implant strategies were: none (n = 13), Ralgro 36 mg (n = 15), Ralgro 72 mg (n = 14), Synovex-S (n = 15) and Ralgro 36-Synovex-S (n = 14) administered at d 0 and 90. Empty body composition of all cattle was measured initially and at 90 d by D2O dilution procedures and at slaughter (average, 182 +/- 4.1 d) by carcass specific gravity. Empty body weight for large and very large cattle averaged 274 and 324 kg (P less than .05) initially and 497 and 603 kg (P less than .05) at slaughter. Empty body protein differed (P less than .05) for large and very large steers and averaged 51 and 61, 67 and 79, and 87 and 103 kg initially, at midpoint and at slaughter, respectively. Percentage empty body fat was lower for very large steers (13.5 vs 15.6%) initially (P less than .05) but was similar for very large and large steers at the midpoint (18.7 vs 18.1%) and at slaughter (23.2 vs 21.9%). Daily rates of empty body gain (DEBG) were greater (P less than .05) for very large vs large steers for both growing and finishing periods and averaged 1.53 vs 1.26 kg/d overall. Daily rates of protein gain (DPG) were similar for very large and large steers for the growing phase (204 vs 202 g/d) but greater (P less than .05) in very large steers for the finishing phase and overall (253 vs 204, and 229 vs 202 g/d). All implant strategies, except R36, increased DEBG and DPG and tended to decrease the percentage of fat in daily gain. In both large and very large cattle, implant growth regulators increased growth rate and partitioned nutrient use away from fat toward protein accretion, with the magnitude of partitioning toward protein increasing with greater rates of growth. These data indicate that anabolic growth regulators are viable strategies to enhance lean beef production in steers, regardless of animal size.  相似文献   

Synthesis of hydrophilic copolyesters and the characterization of their moisture-related cooling properties     

Chan Sol Kang  Ho Jin Yoon  Choong Hee Hong  Sun Jin Kwon  Hyun Sun Kim  Doo Hyun Baik 《Fibers and Polymers》2015,16(12):2513-2518

A series of copolyesters (Co-PETs) containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 5-sodiumsulfodimethyl isophthalate (DMS), and dimethyl isophthalate (DMI) were synthesized via the conventional two-step melt-polycondensation method. The synthesized Co-PETs were characterized by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The DSC results showed that the melting temperature (T _m) and the heats of fusion (ΔH _m) of Co-PETs decreased with increasing the DMS content in Co-PET, while the inclusion of PEG did not affect their thermal properties significantly. The water absorption and the water contact angle of the Co-PET films were found to be significantly affected by the DMS content rather than PEG content. The moisture-related cooling properties of the fabric samples made of Co-PET 5 as well as PET were evaluated by using liquid moisture management tester (MMT) and Q _max measurements. The MMT and Q _max results indicated that Co-PET 5 fabric containing DMS 1.0 mol% and PEG 10.0 wt% in Co-PET seemed to be a good candidate for the fabric having durable cooling effects.  相似文献   

Some data on the occurrence of rattle virus at various depths in the soil and on its transmission     

H. H. Sol 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1963,69(3):208-214

Summary Rattle virus can be present in the soil at great depth. In one of the experiments it was possible to detect the virus in a soil sample taken at 80–100 cm below the surface. In the experiments with field soils, infection occurred only in the presence of the vector, the nematode speciesTrichodorus pachydermus.After a starvation period of 36 days the nematodes were still capable of transmitting the virus to healthy tobacco plants. Thus the virus may retain its activity for a considerable length of time within the vector. The virus is also transmitted to potato plants by the nematodes.The presence of nematodes is not always essential in the transmission of rattle virus. When an infected and a healthy tobacco plant were put in one pot containing sterilized soil, the above ground portions of the two plants being kept separate, the virus could be detected in the healthy plant after some time. It is not yet known whether this mode of transmission requires a fusion of the roots of the two plants.Samenvatting De grootste diepte, waarop het ratelvirus nog in de grond aanwezig kan zijn, wordt bepaald door de bodemgesteldheid ter plaatse. In één van de proeven kon het virus nog worden aangetoond in een grondmonster, afkomstig van de laag 80–100 cm beneden maaiveld (tabel 1). In een tweede proef met monsters van een geheel andere type grond was het virus tot 50 cm diepte aanwezig (tabel 2). Infectie van planten in grondmonsters van verschillende diepte trad bij deze proef alleen op indien de overbrenger, de alltjessoortTrichodorus pachydermus, aanwezig was.De aaltjes waren na een hongerperiode van 36 dagen nog zeer goed in staat het virus over te brengen naar gezonde tabaksplanten (tabel 3). Dit maakt het waarschijnlijk, dat ze hiertoe ook in staat zijn na een hongerperiode van langere duur.De wortels van gezonde aardappelplanten var. Sientje werden met ratelvirus geïnfecteerd door aaltjes, afkomstig uit grondmonsters van een perceel waar veel stengelbont bij aardappelen optrad.Niet altijd zijn aaltjes nodig voor overdracht van ratelvirus. Wanneer een ratelviruszieke en een gezonde tabaksplant samen in een pot met gesteriliseerde grond werden geplaatst waarbij de bovengrondse delen van elkaar gescheiden werden gehouden, kon het virus enige tijd later in de gezonde plant worden aangetoond (tabel 4). Daarentegen trad geen infectie van een gezonde tabaksplant op als deze tezamen met een ratelzieke plant op watercultuur werd gekweekt (tabel 4). De mogelijkheid bestaat dus, dat het virus overgaat van een wortel van een zieke plant naar die van een gezonde als deze in de grond contact met elkaar maken. Of hiervoor vergroeiingen van wortels van beide planten nodig zijn is niet bekend.  相似文献   

Indication of transmission of BVDV in the absence of persistently infected (PI) animals     

Moen A  Sol J  Sampimon O 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,72(1-2):93-8; discussion 215-9

In a closed dairy herd all animals were tested serologically for BVD antibodies twice a year during a 6-year period. Seroconversions were detected every year. At the start of the 6-year monitoring period blood samples from all animals were examined by virus isolation. No persistently infected animals were identified. Entire-herd culturing for BVDV was repeated at the end of the third year. Samples from all newborn female calves were examined for BVDV at approximately 2 months of age and older. During the entire monitoring period BVDV was isolated in one newborn calf twice with an interval of 3 weeks. The mother had seroconverted during pregnancy. Five congenitally infected non-PI calves were identified, the mothers of which had seroconverted during late pregnancy; repeated sampling proved the calves to remain seropositive in a seronegative age cohort. Although direct and indirect introduction of BVDV from outside the herd can never be excluded it seems highly unlikely in this closed herd. The findings indicate that transmission of BVDV can take place over a long period of time in the absence of PI animals. This observation may have serious consequences for control programmes.  相似文献   

A severe outbreak of respiratory tract disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus probably enhanced by vaccination with modified live vaccine   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

T G Kimman  J Sol  F Westenbrink  P J Straver 《The Veterinary quarterly》1989,11(4):250-253

A severe outbreak of respiratory tract disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on a large beef-fattening farm is described. The outbreak started two days after five- to seven-month-old calves were vaccinated with a modified live BRSV vaccine. The disease ran a very severe course among five- to seven-month-old vaccinated calves, but disease was absent in eight-month-old an older non-vaccinated calves. The presence of IgM antibodies in sera of non-vaccinated calves indicated that BRSV was spreading on the farm between two to 15 days before the day of vaccination. The data indicate that vaccination with modified live vaccine during the course of a natural infection may enhance the severity of disease. The possible pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.  相似文献   

Effects of pretreating broad bean leaflets with decenylsuccinic acid on subsequent attack by Botrytis fabae     

H. H. Sol 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1968,74(5):166-169

Pretreating with decenylsuccinic acid (DSA) increased numbers of lesions developing whenVicia faba leaflets were inoculated with conidia ofBotrytis fabae. The increase is partly attributed to an effect on conidial germination. More conidia germinated on DSA than on water-prepreated leaflets, an effect associated with greater concentrations of sugars and amino acids in leachates from the former.Samenvatting Eén van de blaadjes van het jongste tweetallige blad van een tuinbouwplant werd voor de inoculatie met conidiën vanBotrytis fabae gedurende 2 uur ondergedompeld in een 3×10^–5M decenylbarnsteenzuuroplossing (DSA), het andere blaadje van het bladpaar in gedistilleerd water. Op de met DSA behandelde blaadjes waren 24 uur na de inoculatie meer vlekjes aanwezig dan op de met water behandelde (Tabel 2). Deze verhoging van de vatbaarheid moet voor een deel worden toegeschreven aan een effect op de ontkieming van de conidiën op het blad. Hogere percentages ontkiemde conidiën werden gevonden op de met DSA behandelde blaadjes (Tabel 3). Dit zou het gevolg kunnen zijn van een grotere afgifte van kiemingsbevorderende stoffen door het met DSA behandelde blaadje in vergelijking met een met water behandeld (Tabel 1).  相似文献   

Variety of non‐invasive continuous monitoring methodologies including electrical impedance tomography provides novel insights into the physiology of lung collapse and recruitment – case report of an anaesthetized horse     

Yves Moens  Johannes P Schramel  Gerardo Tusman  Tamas D Ambrisko  Josep Solà  Josef X Brunner  Lidia Kowalczyk  Stephan H Böhm 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2014,41(2):196-204

IntroductionThe use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers during general anaesthesia of horses is a potentially useful therapeutic option for the ventilatory management. While the routine application of recruitments would benefit from the availability of dedicated large animal ventilators their impact on ventilation and perfusion in the horse is not yet well documented nor completely understood.Case historyA healthy 533 kg experimental horse underwent general anaesthesia in lateral recumbency. During intermittent positive pressure ventilation a stepwise alveolar recruitment maneuver was performed.ManagementAnaesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen using a large animal circle system. Mechanical ventilation was applied in pressure ventilation mode and an alveolar recruitment maneuver performed employing a sequence of ascending and descending positive end expiratory pressures. Next to the standard monitoring, which included spirometry, additionally three non-invasive monitoring techniques were used: electrical impedance tomography (EIT), volumetric capnography and respiratory ultrasonic plethysmography. The functional images continuously delivered by EIT initially showed markedly reduced ventilation in the dependent lung and allowed on-line monitoring of the dynamic changes in the distribution of ventilation during the recruitment maneuver. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of compliance, dead space fraction, tidal volumes and changes in end expiratory lung volume were possible without technical difficulties.Follow upThe horse made an unremarkable recovery.ConclusionThe novel non-invasive monitoring technologies used in this study provided unprecedented insights into the physiology of lung collapse and recruitment. The synergic information of these techniques holds promise to be useful when developing and evaluating new ventilatory strategies in horses.  相似文献   

Antioxidant Defences in Planktonic Crustaceans Exposed to Different Underwater Light Irradiances in Andean Lakes     

María Sol Souza  Beatriz Estela Modenutti  Esteban Gabriel Balseiro 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,183(1-4):49-57

In freshwater environments direct biological effect of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) result from absorption of specific wavelengths by macromolecules and alteration of biochemical processes. Indirect effects are related to UVR interaction with water and dissolved organic carbon to form chemically reactive species (ROS: reactive oxygen species). Zooplankton photoprotection includes mycosporine-like amino acids, pigments, production of quenching agents and antioxidant enzymes. The relative importance of each mechanism would depend on the organisms. In this study, we determined the antioxidant enzyme activities Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the copepod Boeckella gracilipes and the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia in three Andean lakes of the North-Patagonia region. There were differences in antioxidant enzymes expression between copepods and cladocerans. CAT was significantly higher in C. dubia than in B. gracilipes whereas GST was similar in both species. The comparison of B. gracilipes enzyme activity in the three lakes showed also differences in GST but not in CAT. DOC decreases the exposure by absorption of UVR but simultaneously acts as photosensitizer producing ROS and their successive toxic products in the surface waters. We discuss that comparisons among lakes of different DOC should be considered carefully because lake physico-chemicals parameters, as well as food web structure, will difficult any predictions on the net effect of DOC.  相似文献   

Antagonism of pheromone response of Ostrinia nubilalis males and implications on behavior in the laboratory and in the field     

Riba M  Sans A  Solé J  Muñoz L  Bosch MP  Rosell G  Guerrero A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(4):1158-1165

The antagonistic effect on the pheromone response and catabolism of male European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis, by several trifluoromethyl ketones is reported. (Z)-11-Tetradecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-14:TFMK), the most closely related analogue of the main component of the pheromone, elicits a remarkable disruptive effect on close approach and source contact of males flying to a source baited with mixtures of the pheromone and the antagonist in 5:1 and 10:1 ratios. In this experiment, the male displayed an erratic flight track with frequent counter turns and intersections with the plume. In the field, the TFMK significantly lowered the number of males caught when mixed with the pheromone in a 10:1 ratio in comparison with the natural attractant. The compound was also a good inhibitor of the antennal esterase of the insect with a IC(50) value of 0.28 muM. The homologous (Z)-10-tridecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone, with one carbon less in the chain, also elicited an antagonistic effect in the wind tunnel, but in the field, the results were not conclusive. The effect induced was lower than the one displayed by Z11-14:TFMK including the activity as the esterase inhibitor (IC(50) value of 7.55 muM). The saturated tetradecyl trifluoromethyl ketone, tetradecyltrifluoropyruvamide, and (Z)-11-2-thiatetradecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone resulted completely inactive. The results obtained in conjunction to the previously shown low toxicity to mice by related trifluoromethyl ketones provide new important data for the putative utilization of these chemicals as new pest control agents.  相似文献